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    Written by Julia Doll on . Posted in Uncategorised.

    WORLD WAR I (1914–1918)

    The War to End All Wars

    World War I

    Explore the causes, battles, consequences, and personal stories of the First World War (1914–1918)

    What Was World War I?

    World War I, also known as the Great War, was a global conflict that lasted from 1914 to 1918, involving over 30 countries across Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Triggered by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, the war quickly escalated due to complex alliances and long-standing tensions among the great powers. The two main sides were the Allied Powers (including France, the United Kingdom, Russia, and later the United States) and the Central Powers (primarily Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). It was the first war to use modern industrial technology on a massive scale, leading to unprecedented levels of destruction and loss of life, with over 16 million deaths. The war reshaped borders, collapsed empires, and set the stage for major political changes, including the rise of fascism and the outbreak of World War II two decades later.

    Copyright info Front page of the Sunday supplement of Corriere della Sera, July 5, 1914 – Assassination in Sarajevo. Artist: Achille Beltrame (1871–1945). Source: Museo Storico Italiano della Guerra, Rovereto / Wikimedia Commons. Public Domain.

    Copyright info Poster of the mobilization in France on August 2, 1914 – this poster was placed on the walls of all the towns in France. Date: August 2, 1914. Source: Own work. Author: Unknown. License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 (CC BY-SA 3.0) and compatible older versions.

    The assassination attempt in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 – on the left in a not entirely accurate contemporary depiction – was followed by the July Crisis and mutual mobilizations, on the right the order of the French mobilization for 2 August 1914

    A German trench occupied by British soldiers of the Cheshire Regiment near the Albert-Bapaume road at Ovillers-la-Boisselle, July 1916 during the Battle of the Somme. Copyright info A German trench occupied by British soldiers of the Cheshire Regiment near the Albert-Bapaume road at Ovillers-la-Boisselle, July 1916 during the Battle of the Somme. Date: July 1916. Source: Imperial War Museums (collection no. 1900-13). Photographer: Lt. J. W. Brooke (John Warwick Brooke, 1886–1929). Copyright: Crown Copyright – Public Domain.

    Dive Deeper Into the Great War

    To fully understand the magnitude and complexity of World War I, it's essential to explore the war from multiple perspectives. The following sections guide you through the most important aspects of the conflict — from the tangled web of political tensions that ignited it to the global repercussions that followed in its wake.

    We begin with the Causes of World War I, where you’ll learn how long-standing rivalries, aggressive nationalism, imperial ambitions, and a dangerous network of military alliances created a highly volatile situation in early 20th-century Europe. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914 acted as the immediate spark, but the underlying tensions had been building for decades.

    Next, in Major Battles, we examine the bloody confrontations that defined the war, such as the Somme, Verdun, and Gallipoli. These battles were not just military engagements but also symbols of national endurance and sacrifice, often resulting in massive casualties for little territorial gain.

    The war was largely fought in trenches, and in Soldiers & Life in the Trenches, you'll gain insight into the daily lives of the millions who endured harsh conditions, constant danger, and psychological trauma. Stories from soldiers' letters and diaries reveal the human side of the conflict, where camaraderie and despair existed side by side.

    In Propaganda & Media, we look at how governments on all sides used posters, newspapers, and film to shape public opinion, encourage enlistment, and suppress dissent. The war marked a turning point in how information was controlled and weaponized.

    The devastating scale of destruction was made possible by advances in military technology. In Technology & Weapons, you’ll explore how World War I became the first truly industrialized war, with new inventions like machine guns, tanks, airplanes, and chemical weapons changing warfare forever.

    As the guns fell silent in 1918, the world was left to reckon with the consequences. The Aftermath & Treaty of Versailles section unpacks the peace negotiations that officially ended the war, redrew borders, and placed harsh penalties on the defeated Central Powers—particularly Germany. These decisions had long-lasting consequences, many of which would contribute to the outbreak of World War II.

    But the war was never just a European affair. In Global Impact & Colonies, we explore how countries and peoples from Africa, Asia, and the Americas were drawn into the conflict. Colonial soldiers fought and died on foreign soil, and the war deeply impacted global politics and colonial relationships.

    Finally, the Photo & Video Archive offers a visual journey through the war years. From haunting battlefield images and trench scenes to propaganda reels and official footage, these historical documents bring the realities of World War I to life in a way that words alone cannot.

    Each of these topics offers a doorway into a deeper understanding of World War I. Whether you're a student, teacher, history enthusiast, or first-time visitor, this resource will guide you through one of the most significant chapters in modern history.

    Battle of Verdun, March 14, 1916: German infantry attack on the Toter Mann Heights Copyright info Attack (beginning): German soldiers leaving their trenches to storm Dead Man’s Hill (Le Mort Homme) near Verdun. In the left foreground, two soldiers throwing hand grenades; in the background, a soldier using a flamethrower. Date: March 14–15, 1916 (some sources cite March 14, 1916). Source: *Der Weltkrieg in seiner rauhen Wirklichkeit. Das Frontkämpferwerk*. Oberammergau 1926, p. 296. Photographer/Author: Hermann Rex (1884–1937). Copyright: Public Domain.

    Despite technical problems, tanks became increasingly important from 1917 onwards and were essentially only available to the Allies: British Mark IV during the Battle of Cambrai. Copyright info A British Mark IV tank (Male type) of H Battalion named “Hyacinth” is shown ditched in a German trench while supporting the 1st Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment, near Ribécourt during the Battle of Cambrai. Date: 20 November 1917. Photographer: Lieutenant John Warwick Brooke (1886–1929). Source: Imperial War Museums – Ministry of Information First World War Official Collection. License: IWM Non-Commercial Licence; Crown Copyright (expired), Public Domain.

    World War I

    Over 16 million lives lost, millions more wounded

    The Human Cost of World War I

    Canadian soldier with moderate mustard gas burns Copyright info A Canadian soldier with mustard gas burns, ca. 1917–1918. Photographer / Author: Unknown. Source: Library and Archives Canada (reproduction ref. no. C-080027, MIKAN ID 3194270). Date: Original ca. 1916; this version ca. 1918. Location: France. License: Public Domain under Crown copyright rules—published more than 50 years ago or author deceased before 1972.

    Wounded Belgian soldiers in Calais on November 11, 1914 Copyright info Wounded Belgian troops walking through Calais on 11 November 1914. Date: 11 November 1914 (First World War). Source: Imperial War Museums – Sport and General Press Agency Collection, Q 53437. Photographer/Author: Unknown. License: IWM Non-Commercial Licence; Crown Copyright (expired after over 50 years); Public Domain.

    World War I left a devastating mark on the 20th century, not only in terms of political and geographic upheaval, but in the sheer scale of human suffering. It is estimated that between 16 and 20 million people lost their lives during the conflict. Of these, approximately 10 million were soldiers who died on the battlefield or from war-related injuries, while another 6 to 10 million were civilians — many of whom perished due to famine, disease, forced displacement, and bombings in war-torn regions.

    The toll did not end with the dead. The war also left around 21 million soldiers wounded, many with life-altering injuries. In addition, nearly 7 million people were reported missing or unaccounted for, their fates often never discovered. Some were buried in unmarked graves, while others were victims of mass destruction or chaotic retreats.

    Country

    Military Deaths

    Civilian Deaths

    Wounded

    Total Casualties

    Russia

    ~1.8 million

    ~1.5 million

    ~5.0 million

    ~8.3 million

    Germany

    ~2.0 million

    ~426,000

    ~4.2 million

    ~6.6 million

    France

    ~1.4 million

    ~300,000

    ~4.3 million

    ~6.0 million

    Austria-Hungary

    ~1.1 million

    ~467,000

    ~3.6 million

    ~5.2 million

    United Kingdom

    ~887,000

    ~100,000

    ~1.7 million

    ~2.7 million

    Ottoman Empire

    ~770,000

    ~2 million (est.)

    ~400,000

    ~3.2 million

    Italy

    ~650,000

    ~589,000

    ~947,000

    ~2.1 million

    United States

    ~117,000

    ~0

    ~204,000

    ~321,000

    Romania

    ~250,000

    ~430,000

    ~120,000

    ~800,000

    Serbia

    ~130,000

    ~650,000

    ~135,000

    ~915,000

    Belgium

    ~38,000

    ~62,000

    ~44,000

    ~144,000

    Bulgaria

    ~87,500

    ~100,000

    ~152,000

    ~340,000

    Greece

    ~26,000

    ~132,000

    ~21,000

    ~179,000

    • A British 60-pounder Mk I battery in action on a cliff at Cape Helles, Gallipoli, around June 1915.

      Copyright info A British 60-pounder Mk I battery in action on a cliff at Cape Helles, Gallipoli, around June 1915. Date: June 1915. Source: Imperial War Museums (collection no. 1900-61). Photographer/Author: Ernest Brooks (1878–1957). License: Public Domain (Crown Copyright, created before 1 June 1957); globally expired.

      A British 60-pounder Mk I battery in action on a cliff at Cape Helles, Gallipoli, around June 1915.

    • Posters proclaiming the annexation (Sarajevo, 1908)

      Copyright info Posters proclaiming the annexation were put up on October 7, 1908, at the site where the 1914 assassination took place. The poster likely reads: “Proglas na Narod Bosne i Hercegovine.” Date: October 7, 1908. Source: Archive photo, Sarajevo; scanned from the 1954 edition of *Sarajevski Atentat* by Vojislav Bogićević. Author: Unknown. This work is in the public domain.

    • British Mark IV tank “Hyacinth” ditched in German trench (Battle of Cambrai, 20 November 1917)

      Copyright info A British Mark IV tank (Male type) of H Battalion named “Hyacinth” is ditched in a German trench while supporting the 1st Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment, about one mile west of Ribécourt during the Battle of Cambrai. Some men of the battalion are resting in the trench.

      Date: 20 November 1917
      Source: Imperial War Museums – Ministry of Information First World War Official Collection
      Photographer: John Warwick Brooke (1886–1929)
      License: IWM Non-Commercial Licence; Crown Copyright expired; Public Domain

    • Work on the internal assembly of gas masks (1914–1918, Switzerland)

      Copyright info Work on the internal assembly of gas masks, such as embedding fine wire mesh and lining the inner walls with sand, etc.

      Date: Between 1914 and 1918
      Location: Geneva or Bern (Swiss Federal Archives)
      Source: Swiss Federal Archives, Reference CH-BAR#E27#1000/721#14095#5285*
      Author: Unknown
      License: Public Domain – Creative Commons Public Domain Mark 1.0

    • Scheidemann proclaims the Republic – Reichstag balcony, 9 November 1918

      Copyright info Scheidemann proclaims the Republic from the west balcony (second window north of the portico) of the Reichstag building.

      Date taken: 9 November 1918
      Source: Published in *Die Große Zeit. Illustrated War History*, Berlin 1920, p. 426; first appeared in *Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung* No. 47 on 24 November 1918. Superikonoskop collection.
      Author: Erich Greiser (1883–1939)
      License: Public Domain (author died in 1939, copyright expired; U.S. Public Domain due to publication before 1 January 1930)

    • Sinking of the armoured cruiser SMS Blücher (Battle of Dogger Bank, 25 January 1915)

      Copyright info The armoured cruiser SMS Blücher sinks after being hit by multiple British warships at the Battle of Dogger Bank.

      Date: 25 January 1915
      Source: U.S. National Archives (ARC Identifier 533748; Defensimagery.mil HD-SN-99-02352); Imperial War Museum, Photo ID Q 22687
      Photographer: Taken from the deck of HMS Arethusa (International Film Service)
      License: Public Domain – Crown Copyright expired (work of UK government made before 1 June 1957)

    • Bulgarian soldiers on their way to the front (Postcard, ca. 1916)

      Copyright info Postcard, undated (ca. 1916). Title: "Bulgarian soldiers on their way to the front".

      Date: ca. 1916
      Source: Private collection of Wolfgang Sauber
      Author: Unknown
      License: Public Domain – published before 1 January 1930

    • Sinking of the British cargo ship “Maplewood” by U-35 (Mediterranean, 7 April 1917)

      Copyright info View of the sinking of the British cargo ship SS Maplewood by a torpedo from German submarine U-35, approximately 47 nautical miles southwest of Sardinia in the Mediterranean.

      Date: 7 April 1917
      Source: German Federal Archives, image 102-00159 (in cooperation with Wikimedia Commons)
      Author: Unknown
      License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Germany (CC BY-SA 3.0 de)

    • Argonne Forest – shattered forest near Bagatelle (October 1915)

      Copyright info France, Argonne Forest near Bagatelle – trench position in a destroyed forest with barren tree stumps.

      Date: October 1915
      Source: German Federal Archives, image 104-0158 (archive photo provided in cooperation with Wikimedia Commons)
      Author: Unknown
      License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Germany (CC BY-SA 3.0 de)

    • German soldiers in Jerusalem marching through the town, ca. 1916/17

      Copyright info German soldiers (possibly part of the Asien-Korps?) marching through Jerusalem, Palestine. The original description is partly disputed.

      Date: ca. 1916/1917
      Source: German Federal Archives, image 146-1977-101-36 (provided in cooperation with Wikimedia Commons)
      Photographer: Unknown
      License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Germany (CC BY-SA 3.0 de)

    • Marshal Foch in front of his saloon carriage in Compiègne (Armistice, November 1918)

      Copyright info Marshal Ferdinand Foch stands in front of his saloon carriage in the forest of Compiègne, where the Armistice of 1918 was signed.

      Date: November 1918
      Source: German Federal Archives, image 146-1987-038-29 (via Wikimedia Commons) :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}
      Author: Unknown (o.Ang.) :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}
      License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Germany (CC BY-SA 3.0 de) :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}

    • Aerial view of a German gas attack on the Eastern Front (1916, Federal Archives)

      Copyright info Aerial photograph of a German gas attack (opening gas cylinders) on the Eastern Front during World War I, taken from a Russian reconnaissance aircraft.

      Date: circa 1916 (as dated on Wikimedia Commons)
      Source: German Federal Archives, image 183-F0313-0208-007 (Zentralbild/TASS), provided via Wikimedia Commons in cooperation.
      Author: Unknown
      License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Germany (CC BY-SA 3.0 de)

    • German tank in Roye (Western Front, Spring Offensive, 21 March 1918)

      Copyright info German Sturmpanzer (A7V tank) in Roye, Somme department – during the major Battle of France as part of the German Spring Offensive on the Western Front.

      Date: 21 March 1918
      Source: German Federal Archives, image 183-P1013-316 (provided via cooperation with Wikimedia Commons)
      Photographer: Unknown
      License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Germany (CC BY-SA 3.0 de)

    • German soldier on the Western Front (Western Front, Somme, 1916)

      Copyright info German soldier on the Western Front, likely a stormtrooper armed with a Karabiner 98a, in combat at the Somme, 1916.

      Date: 1916 (Somme)
      Source: German Federal Archives, image 183-R05148 (provided via Wikimedia Commons in cooperation)
      Photographer: Unknown
      License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Germany (CC BY-SA 3.0 de)

    • German infantry during a gas attack in Flanders (World War I, 1916)

      Copyright info German infantry soldiers (equipped with gas masks) in a cloud of poison gas on the Western Front in Flanders, according to the original caption.

      Date: 1916
      Source: German Federal Archives, image 183-R05923 (provided via Wikimedia Commons in cooperation)
      Photographer: Unknown
      License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Germany (CC BY-SA 3.0 de)

    • Flight of French peasants on the Western Front (1914)

      Copyright info French rural people, presumably peasants, fleeing wartime disruption on the Western Front.

      Date: 1914
      Source: German Federal Archives, image 183-R05939 (provided via Wikimedia Commons in cooperation)
      Photographer: Unknown (no attribution)
      License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Germany (CC BY-SA 3.0 de)

    • Wilhelm II on the way into exile – Eysden border crossing, 10 November 1918

      Copyright info Emperor Wilhelm II bids farewell to his entourage at the Belgian–Dutch border crossing in Eysden, after abdicating on 9 November 1918 and fleeing into exile on 10 November.

      Date: 10 November 1918
      Source: German Federal Archives, image 183-R12318 (via Wikimedia Commons)
      Photographer: Victor Sniekers
      License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Germany (CC BY-SA 3.0 de)

    • Mobilization in Berlin – Reservists waving from a truck (August 1914)

      Copyright info Mobilization in Berlin: Reservists are waving their hats while riding on a truck (NAG, year 1913, model S 8-5, 8,490 ccm, 45 hp).

      Date: circa August 1914
      Source: German Federal Archives, image 183-R22572 (via Wikimedia Commons under cooperation)
      Photographer: Unknown
      License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Germany (CC BY-SA 3.0 de)

    • Berlin – First pay after mobilization (1914)

      Copyright info Berlin, first pay after mobilization: reservists receive their first war wages.

      Date: 1914
      Source: German Federal Archives, image 183-R25206 (via Wikimedia Commons cooperation)
      Photographer: Unknown
      License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Germany (CC BY-SA 3.0 de)

    • Fraternisation on the Eastern Front – Truce 1918

      Copyright info During the truce on the Eastern Front in 1918, German and Russian soldiers celebrate between the lines.

      Date: 1918
      Source: German Federal Archives, image 183-S10394 (via cooperation with Wikimedia Commons)
      Photographer: Unknown
      License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Germany (CC BY-SA 3.0 de)

    • Berlin, Extra Edition – Citizens read mobilization notice at Moritzplatz (August 1914)

      Copyright info Berlin residents at Moritzplatz read an extra edition announcing mobilization, early August 1914.

      Date: Early August 1914
      Source: German Federal Archives, image 183-S32538 (Scherl Bilddienst – From the mobilization days in Berlin); provided via Wikimedia Commons in cooperation.
      Photographer: Unknown (not specified)
      License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Germany (CC BY-SA 3.0 de)

    • Casa sinistrata Piave – Patriotic postcard commemorating the Battle of Solstice, June 1918

      Copyright info Photo of a postcard showing patriotic inscriptions by Italian soldiers at Piave near S. Andrea Ponte di Piave. It is part of a series celebrating Italian resistance during the Austro-Hungarian Solstice offensive of 15 June 1918.

      Date taken: 24 June 1918
      Source: Bestetti & Tumminelli, Milan – from the Fotocinematographic Section of the Supreme Command of the Royal Italian Army.
      Photographer: Luigi Marzocchi (1888–1970)
      License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 (CC BY-SA 2.5)

    • Australian troops on a duckboard track through Chateau Wood (Ypres, 29 October 1917)

      Copyright info Soldiers of an Australian 4th Division field artillery brigade on a duckboard track passing through Chateau Wood, near Hooge in the Ypres salient, 29 October 1917. The leading soldier is Gunner James Fulton and the second is Lieutenant Anthony Devine; the men belong to a battery of the 10th Field Artillery Brigade.

      Date: 29 October 1917
      Source: Australian War Memorial, collection no. E01220
      Photographer: Frank Hurley
      License: Public Domain (Australia: Crown Copyright expired)

    • Cheshire Regiment occupies German trench (Somme, July 1916)

      Copyright info A German trench occupied by soldiers of A Company, 11th Battalion, The Cheshire Regiment, near the Albert–Bapaume road at Ovillers-la-Boisselle during the Battle of the Somme in July 1916. One man stands sentry while others rest in the trench.

      Date: July 1916
      Source: Imperial War Museums – Ministry of Information First World War Official Collection (Catalogue no. Q 3990)
      Photographer: Lt. John Warwick Brooke (1886–1929)
      License: IWM Non-Commercial License; Crown Copyright (Public Domain)

    • Cover of “La Domenica del Corriere” – Sunday supplement of Corriere della Sera, 5 July 1914 (Assassination in Sarajevo)

      Copyright info Cover of the Sunday supplement of Corriere della Sera dated 5 July 1914 – Assassination in Sarajevo.

      Date: 5 July 1914
      Source: Photo “Superikonoskop” in the War Museum Rovereto
      Author: Achille Beltrame (died 19 February 1945)
      License: Public Domain (under German, Austrian, and Swiss copyright law)

    • Demonstration of Putilov factory women on the first day of the February Revolution, 1917

      Copyright info Demonstration of women workers from the Putilov factory on the first day of the February Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd.

      Date: February 1917
      Source: State Museum of Political History of Russia (via Wikimedia Commons) :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}
      Location: Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg) :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}
      Author: Unknown (anonymous)
      License: Public Domain

    • Symbolic M16 steel helmet with oak leaves (Own work, 2025)

      Copyright info Symbol Stahlhelm M16 with oak leaves.

      Date: 22 February 2025
      Source: Own work
      Author: Vwpolonia75 (Jens K. Müller)
      License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)

    • “Big Bertha” in position before Liège – 7 August 1914

      Copyright info The feared 42 cm mortar (“Big Bertha”) positioned before Liège on 7 August 1914. After final assembly, the mortar is loaded in a horizontal position, aligned and made “ready to fire.” In the background, a second 42 cm mortar is visible.

      Date: 7 August 1914
      Source: Hermann Rex: *Der Weltkrieg in seiner rauhen Wirklichkeit. Das Frontkämpferwerk*. Oberammergau 1926, p. 17.
      Author: Hermann Rex (died 1937)
      License: Public Domain (German, Austrian, and Swiss copyright expired)

    • Painting "Air Battle" by Michael Zeno Diemer (1918, Bavarian Army Museum)

      Copyright info Painting titled “Luftkampf” (“Air Battle”), oil on canvas, held in the collection of the Bavarian Army Museum (inventory no. E 4977).

      Date: 1918
      Source: Bavarian Army Museum, Ingolstadt
      Author: Michael Zeno Diemer (1867–1939)
      License: Public Domain (copyright expired in countries with a 70-year post-mortem term)

    • “The Nameless 1914” – monumental anti-war painting by Albin Egger-Lienz (1916)

      Copyright info Monumental painting “The Nameless 1914” by Albin Egger-Lienz (tempera on canvas).

      Date: 1916
      Technique & Size: Tempera on canvas, approx. 245 × 476 cm
      Source & Location: Museum of Military History, Vienna
      Artist: Albin Egger-Lienz (1868–1926)
      License: Public Domain – copyright expired († 1926)

    • Official proclamation of war status in Berlin – 31 July 1914

      Copyright info Official proclamation of the state of war to the populace of Berlin ("Unter den Linden") on 31 July 1914 at 5 p.m. by Lieutenant von Viebahn, accompanied by soldiers of the Alexander Guard Grenadier Regiment.

      Date: 31 July 1914, 5 p.m.
      Source: Hermann Rex: *The World War in Its Harsh Reality. The Front Fighter Work.* Oberammergau 1926, p. 6.
      Author: Hermann Rex (died 1937)
      License: Public Domain – copyright expired under German, Austrian, and Swiss law

    • Soldiers’ cemetery on the Eastern Front (c. 1916)

      Copyright info Soldiers’ cemetery on the Eastern Front, circa 1916.

      Date: circa 1916
      Source: From a private collection (photographer's great-grandchild), shared via Wikimedia Commons.
      Author: Leopold Gormanns
      License: Public Domain – copyright expired in countries with up to 70 years post-mortem protection.

    • Prince Faisal’s delegation at the Versailles Peace Conference (1919)

      Copyright info Prince Faisal's delegation at the Versailles Peace Conference. From left to right: Rustam Haidar, Nuri as-Said, Prince Faisal (front), Captain Rosario Pisani (rear), T. E. Lawrence, Faisal's servant (name unknown), and Captain Hassan Khadri.

      Date: 1919
      Source: From the “Lowell Thomas Papers” collection – ID LTP.1580.06.09
      Author: Lowell Thomas
      License: Public Domain (image published in 1919)

    • Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria and Kaiser Wilhelm II inspecting troops (Niš, 18 January 1916)

      Copyright info Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria and Kaiser Wilhelm II inspecting Bulgarian cavalry in Niš (Serbia), accompanied by Field Marshal August von Mackensen, Crown Prince Boris, and other officers.

      Date: 18 January 1916 (during the occupation of Serbia)
      Source: Imperial War Museums – collection “The Occupation of Serbia by the Central Powers, 1915–1918” (Q 53090) :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}
      Photographer: German official photographer (anonymous) :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}
      License: Public Domain – copyright expired (public domain) :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}

    • French attack on German dugout in Flanders (August 1917, Third Battle of Ypres)

      Copyright info French attack by the First Army (General François Paul Antoine) on German dugouts nearly wiped out by bombardment. Likely during the Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele), August 1917. The French were halted by the German Fifth Army under General Max von Gallwitz.

      Date: August 1917
      Source: Photographisches Bild-und-Film-Amt – first published in *Die Große Zeit. Illustrated History of the War*, Vol. 2 (Berlin 1920), p. 345
      Author: Hermann Rex / War Image and Film Office
      License: Public Domain — in countries where copyright expires at author’s life plus 70 years or less

    • Refugee transport near Leibnitz (1914)

      Copyright info Refugee transport near Leibnitz, depicted in a scan from the book *Petschar, Friedlmeier, Styria in Old Photographs*, Ueberreuther Publishing, Vienna.

      Date: between 1860 and 1914 (published in 1914)
      Source: Municipality of Leibnitz / Imperial Ministry of the Interior – Scan and postprocessing by “Hubertl” (part of GLAM‐Bookscanner project, Wikimedia Germany/Austria)
      Author: Original photographer: Imperial Ministry of the Interior; digitization: Hubertl
      License: Public Domain – copyright expired, also PD in the USA (PDM 1.0)

    • German Fokker single-seat fighter biplane over a French village (1917/18)

      Copyright info German Fokker single-seat fighter (biplane) flying over a French village, photographed from a higher aircraft; visibility-limiting colorful shading added for camouflage.

      Date: 1917/18
      Source: Hermann Rex: *Der Weltkrieg in seiner rauhen Wirklichkeit*, Volume II, Oberammergau 1926, p. 200.
      Photographer/Author: Hermann Rex (died 1937)
      License: Public Domain – copyright protection expired in Germany, Austria, Switzerland

    • Fort Douaumont at the end of 1916

      Copyright info View of Fort Douaumont in December 1916 (cropped).

      Date: End of 1916
      Source: German Government, Photographic Image and Film Office – via Wikimedia Commons
      Author: Photographic Image and Film Office (official government agency)
      License: Public Domain – copyright protection expired in countries with up to 70 years post mortem or equivalent terms

    • Fort Douaumont at the end of 1916

      Copyright info View of Fort Douaumont in December 1916 (cropped).

      Date: End of 1916
      Source: German Government, Photographic Image and Film Office – via Wikimedia Commons
      Author: Photographic Image and Film Office (official government agency)
      License: Public Domain – copyright protection expired in countries with up to 70 years post mortem or equivalent terms

    • Aerial view – trench system near Warneton, 3 September 1917

      Copyright info Aerial photograph of the trench system near Warneton in West Flanders, looking west. German trenches in the centre, British trenches in the upper right, with the destroyed remains of Warneton visible right of the canal.

      Date: 3 September 1917
      Source: Hermann Rex: *The World War in Its Harsh Reality*, Vol. II, Oberammergau 1926, p. 332
      Author: Hermann Rex (died 1938)
      License: Public Domain – copyright expired under German, Austrian, and Swiss law

    • “The Grieving Parents” – memorial group by Käthe Kollwitz (Vladslo, 1932)

      Copyright info The sculpture group “The Grieving Parents” by Käthe Kollwitz, a memorial to her son Peter who died in World War I. The figures kneel in separate mourning at the German military cemetery in Vladslo, West Flanders.

      Location & Installation: German Military Cemetery Vladslo (West Flanders), installed there since 1932.
      Creation: Designed by Käthe Kollwitz from 1914, executed 1927–1932 by August Rhades (father figure) and Fritz Diederich (mother figure).
      Material: Belgian granite
      License: Public Domain

    • Exhibition of occupational clothing for working women – Grüner Saal, 1917

      Copyright info Exhibition of occupational clothing for working women, organized by the Association for German Women's Clothing and Culture, held in the “Green Hall” of the city theater. The foreground shows clothing for tram conductresses and heavy laborers.

      Date: before 13 May 1917 (publication date in *Vaterstädtische Blätter*, 13 May 1917, no. 33, p. 33)
      Source: *Vaterstädtische Blätter*, Year 1916/17, no. 33 (13 May 1917), p. 33
      Author: Gebrüder Borchers (printing company)
      License: Public Domain – author died in 1939, copyright expired in countries with life + 80 years term

    • HMS Queen Mary explodes during the Battle of Jutland (31 May 1916)

      Copyright info The striking moment when HMS Queen Mary explodes and sinks after being hit by the German battlecruiser SMS Derfflinger.

      Date: 31 May 1916
      Source: Imperial War Museums – photographic documentation during the Battle of Jutland (collection SP 1708) :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}
      Circumstances: Struck by SMS Derfflinger – likely triggered by a flash fire in a 4-inch magazine that led to catastrophic magazine detonation. :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}
      Casualties: Approximately 1,266 crew lost; only about 20 survived. :contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8}
      License: Public Domain

    • Transport horses in the trench (First World War, 1915)

      Copyright info Horses in uniform in a trench – transport horses in World War I, photographed from within the trench.

      Date: 1915
      Source: Fortepan (Hungarian photographic archive), ID 11812; provided via Wikimedia Commons
      Author: FOTO: Fortepan – unknown photographer (anonymous)
      License: Public Domain – copyright expired, anonymously published, therefore public domain in EU and USA

    • Mobilization in Lübeck – Departure of the 2nd Battalion of Regiment Lübeck for island protection at Sylt (31 July 1914)

      Copyright info Mobilization in Lübeck. The 2nd Battalion of Regiment Lübeck departs from the station en route to reinforce island defense at Sylt amid imminent war danger; mobilization was ordered by Austria.

      Date: 31 July 1914
      Source: *Vaterstädtische Blätter*, 1913/14 volume, issue dated 2 August 1914 (“Day of General Mobilization”) :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}
      Author: Gebrüder Borchers (printing company) :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}
      License: Public Domain – author died in 1939 :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}

    • Cavalry Non-Commissioned Officer Lorenz Horn (German South-West Africa, Sept. 1914)

      Copyright info Non-commissioned officer Lorenz Horn of the cavalry (also a sergeant in the Imperial Provincial Police), photographed in German South-West Africa, likely on 5 September 1914 shortly before the Battle of Sandfontein.

      Date: likely 5 September 1914
      Source: Wikimedia Commons / Fortepan photographic archive, file Kavallerie_Wk_I.jpg
      Photographer: his wife Barbara Horn (1889–1934)
      License: Public Domain – copyright expired, Public Domain Mark 1.0

    • Cartoon on Austria’s Occupation of Albania – Kikeriki, 6 February 1916

      Copyright info Cartoon from the satirical magazine *Kikeriki* (6 February 1916): Albania, personified as a young girl in national folk dress, welcomes the Austrian troops with open arms; an Italian soldier is depicted departing in the background. Caption reads: “At last the right one arrives!”

      Date: 6 February 1916
      Source: *Kikeriki* (magazine)
      Author: Rudolf Sperl (1852–1929), Austrian journalist and cartoonist :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}
      License: Public Domain – copyright expired (author has been deceased for more than 70 years) :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}

    • Mass grave near Fromelles (retouched, 1916/17)

      Copyright info Mass grave near Fromelles (or Vimy), dated 1916 or 1917. Fallen British, Australian (and possibly German) soldiers lie in a common grave – the image has been retouched (see unretouched version).

      Date: 1916/1917
      Source: Hermann Rex: *The World War in Its Harsh Reality*, Oberammergau 1926, p. 146 – original photo published as a postcard in 1917. :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}
      Author: Hermann Rex (1884–1937) :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}
      License: Public Domain – copyright expired in country of origin and other jurisdictions with up to 80-year post-mortem terms; also public domain in the USA due to pre-1 January 1930 release. :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}

    • Mass grave at Fromelles/Vimy (likely 1916/1917)

      Copyright info Mass grave at Fromelles (or Vimy), likely dated 1916 or 1917. Fallen British, Australian (and possibly German) soldiers lie together in a common grave, dug by German soldiers. The image was later retouched—see the unretouched version for comparison.

      Date: 1916–1917
      Source: Hermann Rex: *The World War in Its Harsh Reality*, Oberammergau 1926, p. 146; the original photograph was published as a postcard in 1917.
      Author: Hermann Rex (1884–1937)
      License: Public Domain – copyright expired in jurisdictions with a post mortem term of life + 70 or less; also recognized as Public Domain in the USA (published before 1 January 1930)

    • Sir Frederick Stanley Maude leads the Indian Army into Baghdad (1917)

      Copyright info Sir Frederick Stanley Maude leads the Indian Army into Baghdad in March 1917.

      Date: 1917
      Source: Mrs Stuart Menzies (1920), *Sir Stanley Maude and Other Memories*, London: Herbert Jenkins, p. 48 :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}
      Author: Not identified (anonymous) :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}
      License: Public Domain – copyright expired in countries with a life + 70 years term; also public domain in the U.S. because published before 1 January 1930 :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}

    • Canadian soldier with mustard gas burns (c. 1917–1918)

      Copyright info Canadian soldier with mustard gas burns, photograph dated approximately 1917–1918.

      Date: c. 1917–1918
      Source: Library and Archives Canada, reproduction no. C-080027, MIKAN ID 3194270 – via Wikimedia Commons.
      Author: Unknown (anonymous)
      License: Public Domain – Crown Copyright expired; work published over 50 years ago or author died before 1972.

    • Supreme Army Command (Hindenburg, Wilhelm II., Ludendorff) en route to the Grand Headquarters at Avesnes – Spring Offensive March/April 1918

      Copyright info Field Marshal Hindenburg, Kaiser Wilhelm II., and General Ludendorff of the Supreme Army Command on their way to the Grand Headquarters at Avesnes during the 1918 Spring Offensive. According to Ludendorff’s memoirs, they arrived on 18 March 1918; the Kaiser followed the next day.

      Date: March/April 1918
      Source: Hermann Rex: *The World War in Its Harsh Reality. The Front Fighter Work*. Oberammergau 1926, p. 237 :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}
      Author: Hermann Rex (died 1937) – work is public domain. :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}
      License: Public Domain – copyright expired under German, Austrian, and Swiss law; also in the U.S. (published before 1 January 1930). :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}

    • Ottoman Empire declaration of war during World War I, 1 November 1914

      Copyright info Representation of the Ottoman Empire’s official declaration of war at the start of World War I, published on 1 November 1914.

      Date: 1 November 1914
      Source: Commercial reproduction via manorhouse.clara.net – via Wikimedia Commons
      Author: Unknown – historical government document from the Ottoman Empire
      License: Public Domain – The Ottoman Empire failed to meet copyright formalities in the year of publication, or the term (up to 30 years after the author's death) had already expired before the Empire dissolved.

    • German troops using flamethrower against Mark IV tank (Somme, possibly Battle of Amiens, August 1918)

      Copyright info German troops attempt to repel a British Mark IV tank with a flamethrower—according to contemporary accounts, an effective tactic. The photo is an aerial view from the Somme, likely during the Battle of Amiens in August 1918. British soldiers appear on the left, German soldiers with hand grenades in the foreground.

      Date: likely August 1918
      Source: Hermann Rex: *The World War in Its Harsh Reality. The Front Fighter Work.* Oberammergau 1926, p. 192.
      Author: Hermann Rex (died 1937)
      License: Public Domain – copyright expired under German, Austrian, Swiss law; also Public Domain in the U.S. (published before 1 January 1930).

    • Tank assault at Cambrai – enemy tank with air support attacks German lines (1917/18)

      Copyright info Battle of Cambrai: Enemy tank, supported by its own aircraft, advances against German lines.

      Date: 1917/18
      Source: Hermann Rex: *The World War in Its Harsh Reality. The Front Fighter Work*, Oberammergau 1926, p. 187. :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}
      Author: Hermann Rex (died 1937) – work is in the public domain (copyright has expired) :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}
      License: Public Domain

    • “Meeting in No Man’s Land” – Russian and German troops encounter each other peacefully (1917)

      Copyright info Meeting between Russian and German soldiers in no man’s land—a symbolic moment of human connection during World War I, likely in 1917.

      Date: 1917
      Source: Walter Holste: *Die Goslarer Jäger im Weltkriege*, vol. III – The Reserve Jäger Battalion No. 23; Hildesheim: Buchdruckerei Lax, 1934. :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}
      Author: Unknown (anonymous photograph) :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}
      License: Public Domain – copyright expired and author unknown (PD-anon-70-EU) :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}

    • Meeting before the Russian barbed wire entanglements (1917)

      Copyright info Meeting in front of the Russian barbed wire entanglements – likely between opposing soldiers during World War I, symbolizing a moment of off-duty contact or empathy in the trenches.

      Date: 1917
      Source: Walter Holste: *Die Goslarer Jäger im Weltkriege*, Vol. III – The Reserve Jäger Battalion No. 23; Hildesheim, Buchdruckerei Lax, 1934. :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}
      Author: Unknown (anonymous) :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}
      License: Public Domain – copyright expired; author unknown, thus public domain in the EU and similarly legislated countries :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}

    • Royal Irish Rifles ration party in a communication trench (Battle of the Somme, 1 July 1916)

      Copyright info A ration party of the Royal Irish Rifles in a communication trench during the Battle of the Somme – possibly the 1st Battalion, part of the 25th Brigade, 8th Division. 1 July 1916 was the first day of the Somme offensive.

      Date: 1 July 1916
      Source: Imperial War Museums – Ministry of Information First World War Official Collection (Catalogue no. Q 1) :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}
      Author: Royal Engineers No. 1 Printing Company :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}
      License: Public Domain – designated as Public Domain by the IWM and on Wikimedia Commons :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}

    • Royal Naval Division leaves trench at Gallipoli – bayonet assault (1915)

      Copyright info Infantry from the Royal Naval Division advance out of the trench at Gallipoli to attack with cold steel – a stark illustration of trench warfare during the Gallipoli campaign, photographed on the island of Lemnos during 1915.

      Date: 1915
      Source: Wikimedia Commons / Commons file page (File: Royal Naval Division trench.jpg) – description “Infantry from the British Royal Naval Division in training on the Greek island of Lemnos during the Battle of Gallipoli, 1915.” :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}
      Author: Unknown (anonymous, likely official photographer)
      License: Public Domain – work dated 1915 and considered public domain (published before 1 January 1930, no longer under copyright).

    • “Gassed” – Victims of a mustard gas attack (John Singer Sargent, 1919)

      Copyright info Monumental oil painting depicting the aftermath of a mustard gas attack on the Western Front: blinded soldiers in three lines are led over duckboards to a dressing station; in the background, uninjured men play football while biplanes dogfight overhead.

      Date: March 1919 (painted in studio, based on August 1918 observations) :contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8}
      Source: John Singer Sargent’s *Gassed*, commissioned by the British War Memorials Committee; intended for the Hall of Remembrance, now held at the Imperial War Museum, London :contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9}
      Details: Oil on canvas, 231 × 611 cm (nearly life-size height) :contentReference[oaicite:10]{index=10}
      Artist: John Singer Sargent (1856–1925), renowned portrait painter turned war artist :contentReference[oaicite:11]{index=11}
      Reception: Completed March 1919 and voted Picture of the Year by the Royal Academy of Arts; now considered one of the most significant WWI artworks :contentReference[oaicite:12]{index=12}
      License: Public Domain – held by the Imperial War Museum; free of copyright (e.g. Public Domain in the U.S.) :contentReference[oaicite:13]{index=13}

    • “Serbia must die!” – Austrian propaganda caricature (1914)

      Copyright info Propaganda caricature titled “Serbia must die!” – a post–Sarajevo assassination image from 1914, showing a giant Austrian hand crushing a Serbian man holding a bomb as a knife drops from his hand.

      Date: 1914
      Source: Wikimedia Commons file ([commons.wikimedia.org](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ASerbien_muss_sterbien.jpg?utm_source=chatgpt.com))
      Author: Unknown (anonymous)
      License: Public Domain – copyright expired; also tagged as PDM 1.0 (Public Domain Mark) on Commons :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}

    • Entrance to the German commandant’s dugout in St. Quentin – circa 1917–1918

      Copyright info "Entrance to the German commandant’s dugout in St. Quentin": entrance to the German commander’s office in St. Quentin, likely between 1917 and 1918.

      Date: 1917 to 1918
      Source: Wikimedia Commons – file "St. Quentin 1916.jpg" (updated description) :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}
      Author: Not stated (anonymous or official staff photographer)
      License: Public Domain — presumed published before 1923, author unknown.

    • “The Girl Behind the Gun” – women in munitions factories (The War Budget, 30 December 1915)

      Copyright info Two scenes showing women in English munitions factories: above, workers fitting percussion caps to shells; below, women performing final inspection of shell casings on a conveyor belt. Published in the *The War Budget* magazine on 30 December 1915, now available via Wikimedia Commons. :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}

      Date: 30 December 1915
      Source: *The War Budget* (English war magazine), issue dated 30 December 1915, via Wikimedia Commons. :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}
      Author: Unknown (presumably staff photographer for *The War Budget*)
      License: Public Domain – over 100 years old and anonymously published, with no copyright restrictions.

    • “The Way to the Front” – soldier running along corduroy track through Chateau Wood near Passchendaele (October–November 1917)

      Copyright info A soldier runs along a corduroy track (duckboard) through Chateau Wood – symbolizing the grueling path to the front lines in the Ypres sector.

      Date: 12 October to 6 November 1917 (Third Battle of Ypres, Passchendaele)
      Source: Imperial War Museums – IWM Photo No. E(AUS) 1233, made available on Wikimedia Commons under the title “The Way to the Front”.
      Author: Not specified (likely official war photographer)
      License: Public Domain – unrestricted usage per IWM designation.

    • The Western Front, 1914 – Wounded Belgian troops walking through Calais

      Copyright info Wounded Belgian soldiers walking through Calais on 11 November 1914 during World War I.

      Date: 11 November 1914 (First World War)
      Source: Imperial War Museum – via Wikimedia Commons. (The Western Front, 1914 Q53437) :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}
      Author: Unknown – anonymous, taken during active service, under Crown Copyright. :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}
      License: Public Domain – designated Public Domain under UK Crown Copyright rules, older than 50 years. :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}

    • The former German submarine UB-148 at sea – after surrender to the United States (1919)

      Copyright info The UB-148, a German Type UB-III coastal submarine, at sea shortly after her surrender to the Allies. She was handed over on 26 November 1918 at Harwich, and subsequently crewed by the US Navy.

      Date: 1919
      Source: Wikimedia Commons – National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), photo: UB_148_at_sea.jpeg (NAID 594948):contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}
      Author: US Navy personnel (federal government work)
      License: Public Domain – US federal government work, public domain in the USA; marked with Public Domain Mark 1.0 on Commons:contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}

    • Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos reviews Greek troops on the Macedonian front (WWI, April 1917)

      Copyright info Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos reviews a section of the Greek army on the Macedonian front during World War I, accompanied by Admiral Pavlos Koundouriotis (left) and General Maurice Sarrail (right).

      Date: 23 April 1917
      Source: Wikimedia Commons – File: *Venizelos WWI 1918.jpg* (originally dated “1918” but actually taken in 1917) :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}
      Author: French Army Photography Service (Service de Photographie des Armées) :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}
      License: Public Domain (U.S.) – no copyright applicable in the U.S. as the work predates January 1930 and was published without notice. Copyright status may vary elsewhere. :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}

    • Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos reviews Greek troops on the Macedonian front (WWI, April 1917)

      Copyright info Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos reviews a section of the Greek army on the Macedonian front during World War I, accompanied by Admiral Pavlos Koundouriotis (left) and General Maurice Sarrail (right).

      Date: 23 April 1917
      Source: Wikimedia Commons – File: *Venizelos WWI 1918.jpg* (originally dated “1918” but actually taken in 1917) :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}
      Author: French Army Photography Service (Service de Photographie des Armées) :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}
      License: Public Domain (U.S.) – no copyright applicable in the U.S. as the work predates January 1930 and was published without notice. Copyright status may vary elsewhere. :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}

    • Christmas Truce 1914 – British and German soldiers in No Man’s Land

      Copyright info British and German soldiers during the Christmas Truce of 1914, captured from the front line of the 11th Brigade, 4th Division (Ploegsteert, Belgium).

      Date: 1914 (Christmas 1914)
      Source: Imperial War Museum – via Wikimedia Commons (File: Weihachtsfriede.jpg). :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}
      Author: Imperial War Museum (as indicated on Commons) :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}
      License: Public Domain. The work is in the public domain in its country of origin and in countries with a life+70 years copyright term or less. It also carries the Public Domain Mark. :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}

    • William Orpen – “The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles 1919 (detail)”

      Copyright info Detail from the oil painting “The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, 28 June 1919” by William Orpen, depicting key figures of the 1919 peace conference at the moment the Treaty of Versailles was signed.

      Date: 1919
      Source: Wikimedia Commons – file *William Orpen – The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles 1919, detail.jpg*; original held by Imperial War Museum, London :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}
      Medium & Dimensions: Oil on canvas, 152.4 cm × 127 cm :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}
      Artist: William Orpen (1878–1931), official portrait artist of the Paris Peace Conference 1919 :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}
      License: Public Domain – author died 1931, copyright expired (life + 80 years max); photographic reproduction also public domain :contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8}

    • Arms production in Britain during WWI – munitionette working with TNT via remote handling equipment at Woolwich Arsenal

      Copyright info A munitionette operates primitive remote-handling equipment for TNT at Woolwich Arsenal – supervised by Miss Lilian Barker OBE.

      Date: During World War I (1914–1918)
      Source: Imperial War Museum – photograph “Arms Production in Britain in the First World War Q30151” via Wikimedia Commons. :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}
      Author: Imperial War Museum (Crown Copyright), released under the IWM Non-Commercial Licence. :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}
      License: IWM Non-Commercial Licence – effectively expired after 50 years, thus de facto public domain. :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}

    • Maria Bochkareva, Emmeline Pankhurst and women of the Death Battalion, 1917

      Copyright info Maria Bochkareva, Mrs. Emmeline Pankhurst and women of the Russian "Death Battalion", 1917.

      Date: 1917
      Source: Rheta Louise Childe Dorr: *Inside the Russian Revolution* – via Wikimedia Commons. ([commons.wikimedia.org](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ABatall%C3%B3n-muerte-rusia--insiderussianrev00dorrrich.png?utm_source=chatgpt.com))
      Author: Dorr, Rheta Louise Childe (1872–1948)
      License: Public Domain – the work is in the public domain in countries with life + 70 years or less (author died 1948); also marked with Public Domain Mark on Commons.

    • Western Front 1917 – female auxiliary workers on their way to work

      Copyright info Female auxiliary workers in the logistics zone of the Western Front during World War I: seated on a truck's loading area or trailer, en route to their workplace.

      Date: 1917
      Source: German Federal Archives (Bundesarchiv), image 183-S29737 – provided via Wikimedia Commons. :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}
      Author: Unknown (not specified) – archival staff photograph. :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}
      License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Germany (CC BY-SA 3.0 DE) – free to share and adapt with attribution and same license. :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}

    • US Army Signal Corps – Female Telephone Operators (“Hello Girls”), 1917–1918

      Copyright info Members of the Signal Corps Female Telephone Operators Unit, popularly known as the “Hello Girls,” operate a telephone switchboard—relaying communications at the Western Front, circa 1917–1918.

      Date: 1917–1918
      Source: National Archives and Records Administration, War Department – Signal Corps “Apparatus – Telephone Operators – Women”, via Wikimedia Commons. ([commons.wikimedia.org](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ASignal_Corps_-_Apparatus_-_Telephone_Operators_-_Women_165-WW-511C-002.jpg?utm_source=chatgpt.com))
      Author: U.S. War Department – federal government agency:contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}
      License: Public Domain – automatically public domain in the U.S. under federal government work rules (PD-US-Mark). ([commons.wikimedia.org](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ASignal_Corps_-_Apparatus_-_Telephone_Operators_-_Women_165-WW-511C-002.jpg?utm_source=chatgpt.com))

    • Women guiding 6-inch howitzer shells at Chilwell Shell Filling Factory, July 1917

      Copyright info Female munitions workers guiding 6-inch howitzer shells being lowered to the floor at the National Shell Filling Factory in Chilwell, Nottinghamshire, in July 1917.

      Date: July 1917
      Source: Imperial War Museum – IWM photograph number Q 30040, released under the IWM Non-Commercial Licence, available via Wikimedia Commons. :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}
      Photographer: Horace Nicholls (Imperial War Museum) :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}
      License: Public Domain – Crown Copyright expired; work is now in the public domain. :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}

    From factory floors to field hospitals

    Women During the War

    During World War I, women played a vital role both on the front lines and at home, stepping into roles that had traditionally been reserved for men. As millions of men were sent to fight, women filled critical gaps in the workforce — working in munitions factories, driving trams, serving as nurses, and even joining auxiliary military services. In countries like Britain, France, Germany, and the United States, women proved indispensable to the war effort, handling everything from industrial production to agricultural labor. Their contributions not only kept economies running but also challenged long-standing gender roles. For many women, the war became a turning point that laid the groundwork for future demands for political rights, including the right to vote, which was granted in several countries shortly after the war ended.

    • Work on the internal assembly of gas masks (1914–1918, Switzerland)

      Copyright info Work on the internal assembly of gas masks, such as embedding fine wire mesh and lining the inner walls with sand, etc.

      Date: Between 1914 and 1918
      Location: Geneva or Bern (Swiss Federal Archives)
      Source: Swiss Federal Archives, Reference CH-BAR#E27#1000/721#14095#5285*
      Author: Unknown
      License: Public Domain – Creative Commons Public Domain Mark 1.0

    • Arms production in Britain during WWI – munitionette working with TNT via remote handling equipment at Woolwich Arsenal

      Copyright info A munitionette operates primitive remote-handling equipment for TNT at Woolwich Arsenal – supervised by Miss Lilian Barker OBE.

      Date: During World War I (1914–1918)
      Source: Imperial War Museum – photograph “Arms Production in Britain in the First World War Q30151” via Wikimedia Commons. :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}
      Author: Imperial War Museum (Crown Copyright), released under the IWM Non-Commercial Licence. :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}
      License: IWM Non-Commercial Licence – effectively expired after 50 years, thus de facto public domain. :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}

    • Maria Bochkareva, Emmeline Pankhurst and women of the Death Battalion, 1917

      Copyright info Maria Bochkareva, Mrs. Emmeline Pankhurst and women of the Russian "Death Battalion", 1917.

      Date: 1917
      Source: Rheta Louise Childe Dorr: *Inside the Russian Revolution* – via Wikimedia Commons. ([commons.wikimedia.org](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ABatall%C3%B3n-muerte-rusia--insiderussianrev00dorrrich.png?utm_source=chatgpt.com))
      Author: Dorr, Rheta Louise Childe (1872–1948)
      License: Public Domain – the work is in the public domain in countries with life + 70 years or less (author died 1948); also marked with Public Domain Mark on Commons.

    • Western Front 1917 – female auxiliary workers on their way to work

      Copyright info Female auxiliary workers in the logistics zone of the Western Front during World War I: seated on a truck's loading area or trailer, en route to their workplace.

      Date: 1917
      Source: German Federal Archives (Bundesarchiv), image 183-S29737 – provided via Wikimedia Commons. :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}
      Author: Unknown (not specified) – archival staff photograph. :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}
      License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Germany (CC BY-SA 3.0 DE) – free to share and adapt with attribution and same license. :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}

    • German Red Cross nurses attending to wounded soldiers (WWI, 1915)

      Copyright info German Red Cross nurses caring for wounded soldiers during World War I, around 1915.

      Date: 1915
      Source: German Red Cross (published via drk.de originally); the image is accessible through Wikimedia Commons. :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}
      Author: Red Cross photographer, unknown (anonymous) :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}
      License: Public Domain – public domain in the United States due to pre-1930 publication; the status in other jurisdictions may vary. :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}

    • Lottie Meade – “Canary Girl” munitions worker, died of TNT poisoning in 1916

      Copyright info Lottie Meade, born Charlotte Meade, was a munitions factory worker during World War I known as one of the “Canary Girls”—so called because TNT exposure turned their skin yellow. She tragically died in 1916 at age 27 due to illness caused by TNT poisoning. She left behind four young children and her husband, who was serving in France. After the war, he donated his only two photos of her to the Imperial War Museum to highlight the human cost of war.

      Date: circa 1916
      Source: Imperial War Museums – portrait of Lottie Meade, available via Wikimedia Commons. (Catalogue number WWC M15) :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}
      License: Public Domain – the work is in the public domain due to expired copyright or archival release by IWM. :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}

    • Red Crescent staff at Hafir el Aujah – Sinai-Palestine, 1916

      Copyright info Red Crescent personnel at Hafir el Aujah (El Auja), photographed by the American Colony, Jerusalem, documenting staff in Sinai-Palestine during World War I.

      Date: 1916
      Source: Library of Congress, G. Eric & Edith Matson Photograph Collection; accessed via Wikimedia Commons (Digital ID: matpc.08180) :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}
      Author: American Colony (Jerusalem) Photo Department (individual photographer unknown) :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}
      License: Public Domain – Library of Congress indicates no known restrictions on use; work is in public domain. :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}

    • US Army Signal Corps – Female Telephone Operators (“Hello Girls”), 1917–1918

      Copyright info Members of the Signal Corps Female Telephone Operators Unit, popularly known as the “Hello Girls,” operate a telephone switchboard—relaying communications at the Western Front, circa 1917–1918.

      Date: 1917–1918
      Source: National Archives and Records Administration, War Department – Signal Corps “Apparatus – Telephone Operators – Women”, via Wikimedia Commons. ([commons.wikimedia.org](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ASignal_Corps_-_Apparatus_-_Telephone_Operators_-_Women_165-WW-511C-002.jpg?utm_source=chatgpt.com))
      Author: U.S. War Department – federal government agency:contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}
      License: Public Domain – automatically public domain in the U.S. under federal government work rules (PD-US-Mark). ([commons.wikimedia.org](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ASignal_Corps_-_Apparatus_-_Telephone_Operators_-_Women_165-WW-511C-002.jpg?utm_source=chatgpt.com))

    • WAACs in France use German helmets as improvised market baskets (1918)

      Copyright info Two members of the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) in France – laughing, relaxed, using upturned German steel helmets as makeshift baskets.

      Date: 1 January 1918 (as listed on Commons) :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}
      Source: National Library of Scotland via Flickr The Commons – made available on Wikimedia Commons. :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}
      Author: National Library of Scotland (individual photographer unknown). :contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8}
      License: No known copyright restrictions – Public Domain. :contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9}

    Propaganda Poster: Women Needed for the WAAC (WWI) Copyright info A Ministry of Labour propaganda poster for the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC), reading: “Women urgently wanted for the WAAC. Work at home and abroad with the Forces.”

    Date: First World War (likely around 1917–18) :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}
    Source: Imperial War Museum poster Q 68242, part of the “Propaganda Posters of the First World War” collection, available via Wikimedia Commons :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}
    Author: Unknown (likely a Ministry of Labour agency or state-run design) :contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8}
    License: Public Domain – the work is older than 70 years and was state-sponsored without a formal copyright :contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9}

    Walk the battlefields, stand beneath the memorials, and experience the places where World War I shaped history and claimed millions of lives.

    In the Footsteps of the Great War

    To truly grasp the scale and impact of World War I, step into the landscapes where history unfolded. From the muddy trenches of Flanders to the windswept hills of Gallipoli, these sites preserve the memory of a conflict that reshaped the world. Across Europe and beyond, battlefields, cemeteries, and museums offer powerful reflections on courage, sacrifice, and the price of war.

    Begin your journey in Ypres, Belgium, a once-flattened city at the heart of the Western Front. Visit the Menin Gate, where the names of over 54,000 missing soldiers are etched in stone, and experience the Last Post ceremony, performed every evening in honor of the fallen. Just outside the town, Tyne Cot Cemetery, the largest Commonwealth war cemetery in the world, stretches across the fields of Flanders.

    Travel next to Verdun, France, where one of the longest and most brutal battles in history took place. Here, the Douaumont Ossuary holds the remains of over 130,000 unidentified soldiers, while nearby Fort Douaumont and the Verdun Memorial Museum offer chilling insights into the horrors of trench warfare. Scattered throughout the area are destroyed villages — wiped off the map during the battle and never rebuilt.

    Further west in the Somme region, the sheer scale of the 1916 offensive becomes clear. The Thiepval Memorial honors over 72,000 missing British and South African soldiers, and Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial Park preserves a section of original battlefield with trenches still visible today.

    Make a stop in Gallipoli, Turkey, where Allied forces — particularly Australians and New Zealanders — landed in 1915 in a failed campaign against the Ottoman Empire. Visit ANZAC Cove, Lone Pine Cemetery, and the Çanakkale Martyrs’ Memorial, all set against a backdrop of dramatic coastline and steep hills.

    In Italy, explore the alpine battlegrounds of the Isonzo Front and Monte Grappa, where brutal mountain warfare was waged against Austria-Hungary. The monumental Redipuglia War Memorial is the resting place of over 100,000 Italian soldiers and stands as one of Europe’s largest war memorials.

    Head north to London, where the Imperial War Museum houses one of the most comprehensive World War I collections in the world. From original uniforms and weapons to recreated trench experiences, the museum brings history to life. Meanwhile, in Paris, the Musée de la Grande Guerre offers a modern, interactive look at the war’s impact on soldiers and civilians alike.

    For a deeply personal experience, visit the Meuse-Argonne American Cemetery in France — the largest U.S. military cemetery in Europe, where over 14,000 American troops are buried. Or travel to Princeton, New Jersey, where the National WWI Museum and Memorial in Kansas City offers a panoramic view of the global conflict and its aftermath.

    Whether you're walking through silent cemeteries or standing in preserved trenches, these places tell the story of a generation scarred by war. In the footsteps of the Great War, we find not only echoes of the past, but reminders of the fragile peace that followed.

    • Ypres

      Ypres, Belgium, is a powerful WWI memorial site. Visit the In Flanders Fields Museum for deep insights, and attend the daily Last Post at Menin Gate. Explore nearby cemeteries like Tyne Cot and Essex Farm, and walk preserved trenches at Hill 60 or Sanctuary Wood. Don’t miss the Passchendaele Museum and Langemark German Cemetery. The area offers a moving journey through history with memorials, museums, and battlefield sites.

      Google Maps

    • Verdun

      Verdun, France, was the site of one of WWI’s longest and deadliest battles. Visit the Verdun Memorial Museum for a deep dive into the battle. Explore the Douaumont Ossuary, holding remains of over 130,000 soldiers, and Fort Douaumont, a key defense post. Walk the destroyed village of Fleury and the trenches at Fort Vaux. Verdun offers a haunting yet powerful reminder of the war’s devastation and the soldiers’ sacrifice.

      Google Maps

    • The Somme Region

      The Somme region in France was the site of one of WWI’s bloodiest battles. Start at the Historial de la Grande Guerre in Péronne for context. Visit the Thiepval Memorial, honoring 72,000 missing soldiers, and the nearby Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundl and Memorial with preserved trenches. Explore Lochnagar Crater and cemeteries like Pozieres and Delville Wood. The Somme offers powerful insight into trench warfare and the immense cost of the Great War.

      Google Maps

    • Gallipoli

      Gallipoli, Turkey, is a key WWI site where ANZAC, British, and Ottoman forces clashed in 1915. Visit ANZAC Cove, Lone Pine Cemetery, and Chunuk Bair Memorial for stunning views and solemn remembrance. Explore original trenches and the Gallipoli Simulation Center. The peninsula's peaceful beauty contrasts deeply with its tragic past, offering a moving tribute to those who fought and fell during the fierce Gallipoli campaign.

      Google Maps

    • Monte Grappa & Isonzo Front

      Monte Grappa and the Isonzo Front in northern Italy were major WWI battle zones between Italy and Austria-Hungary. On Monte Grappa, visit the vast war memorial (Sacrario Militare) and the museum in the summit fortress. The Isonzo Front offers sites like Redipuglia War Memorial, the open-air museum on Mount Sabotino, and trenches in Kobarid (Slovenia). These mountain and riverfront battlefields show the harsh conditions and sacrifices of Alpine warfare.

      Google Maps

    • London

      In London, WWI history is preserved in powerful sites and museums. Visit the Imperial War Museum for personal stories, artifacts, and immersive exhibits. The Cenotaph in Whitehall is the UK’s central war memorial. At Westminster Abbey, see the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior. Explore the Royal Air Force Museum and the National Army Museumfor insight into Britain’s wartime role. London offers a rich and reflective journey through WWI remembrance.

      Google Maps

    • Paris

      In Paris, WWI remembrance is woven into its historic fabric. Visit the Musée de l’Armée at Les Invalides for extensive WWI exhibits. The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier beneath the Arc de Triomphe honors fallen soldiers with an eternal flame. Stroll through the Père Lachaise Cemetery, where some WWI figures rest. For a deeper dive, take a short trip to Meaux to explore the Musée de la Grande Guerre, one of Europe’s largest WWI museums.

      Google Maps

    • Romagne-sous-Montfaucon

      Romagne-sous-Montfaucon, in northeastern France, is a poignant WWI site. The Meuse-Argonne American Cemetery, the largest U.S. military cemetery in Europe, holds over 14,000 graves from the 1918 offensive. Nearby, the Montfaucon American Monument—a towering Doric column—commemorates the American First Army's victory. The Romagne 14–18 Museum displays personal artifacts from the war, offering intimate insights. A German military cemetery also honors fallen soldiers, reflecting the area's deep wartime history.

      Google Maps

    • Kansas City

      Kansas City is home to the National WWI Museum and Memorial, the United States' official World War I museum. Located at 2 Memorial Drive, the museum offers an immersive journey through the Great War, featuring a vast collection of artifacts, interactive exhibits, and personal narratives. Visitors can walk across a glass bridge suspended over a field of 9,000 red poppies, each representing 1,000 combatant deaths. The iconic Liberty Memorial Tower stands 217 feet tall, offering panoramic views of Kansas City from its observation deck. The museum's comprehensive exhibits and educational programs provide deep insights into the global impact of World War I.(Visit KC Newsroom, fotospot.com)

      Google Maps

    • Princeton

      n Princeton, New Jersey, World War I remembrance is woven into the town's fabric. The Princeton War Memorial Bench on Mercer Street honors local residents who served in the Great War. At Princeton University, Nassau Hall's Memorial Atrium, established in 1920, commemorates alumni who died in WWI. Additionally, bronze stars on dormitory window sills mark the rooms of fallen students, serving as poignant reminders of their sacrifice.

      Google Maps

    Read more …WORLD WAR I (1914–1918)

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    Written by Julia Doll on . Posted in Uncategorised.

    WORLD WAR II (1939–1945)

    The Conflict That Changed the World

    World War II

    Explore the people, battles, and consequences of the largest conflict in human history.

    What Was World War II?

    World War II (1939–1945) was the deadliest and most widespread conflict in human history, involving more than 30 nations across Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Pacific. It began with Nazi Germany’s invasion of Poland and quickly escalated into a global war as Axis powers—Germany, Italy, and Japan—fought against the Allied forces led by the United Kingdom, Soviet Union, United States, and China. The war resulted in over 70 million deaths, the Holocaust, the first use of nuclear weapons, and the redrawing of global political boundaries. It reshaped international relations, led to the founding of the United Nations, and marked the beginning of the Cold War. World War II's profound political, economic, and social consequences continue to shape our world today.

    Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler shortly after their arrival in Munich, September 28, 1938

    On the left, Panzerkampfwagen I and II advancing near Bromberg in the Polish Corridor, September 1939. On the right, in the Sd.Kfz. 251/3 (radio command vehicle with frame antenna), General Heinz Guderian.

    Understanding World War II: A Journey Through Its Core Topics

    From the roots of conflict to its far-reaching consequences—dive into the key themes that shaped and defined World War II.

    World War II was more than a military conflict; it was a global event that transformed nations, ideologies, and everyday life. To fully understand its scope, we invite you to explore eight essential topics that bring context, detail, and humanity to the war's vast history.

    We begin with the causes of the war, where political unrest, economic depression, and unresolved tensions from World War I created fertile ground for extremism and territorial aggression. The Treaty of Versailles, the global rise of fascist ideologies, and expansionist ambitions all played a role in igniting the conflict.

    From there, we look at the major battles that turned the tide of war—from Germany’s Blitzkrieg strategy in Poland to the decisive clashes at Stalingrad and Normandy. These engagements reshaped borders, morale, and the future of entire nations.

    Equally important is the human story. In the section on soldiers and life in the trenches, we examine the daily hardships of combat, the emotional toll on those who fought, and the critical roles played by women, resistance fighters, and soldiers from colonized nations.

    The war was also fought with ideas. Our focus on propaganda and media reveals how nations weaponized images, language, and information. Posters, films, and broadcasts became powerful tools to mobilize support, manipulate truth, and demonize the enemy.

    Meanwhile, a technological revolution was unfolding. In technology and weapons, you’ll learn about the innovation race that brought us radar, code-breaking machines, advanced aircraft, and ultimately, the devastating atomic bomb. These inventions changed not only the war but also the future of global conflict.

    The war's conclusion brought both hope and tension. In aftermath and the Treaty of Versailles, we explore how justice was served through the Nuremberg Trials, how Europe was rebuilt, and how Cold War divisions began to take root almost immediately.

    World War II's reach extended far beyond Europe and the Pacific. In global impact and colonies, we shed light on the war’s effects on colonized nations—many of which were drawn into combat and later fought for independence. The war accelerated the end of empires and ushered in a new global order.

    World War II

    The Second World War left behind not only destroyed cities and shifted borders—but an immense toll in human lives.

    The Human Cost of World War II

    Glasses of murdered Jews in Auschwitz (Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum).

    World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, claiming the lives of an estimated 16 to 20 million people worldwide. This staggering number includes both military personnel and civilians, with roughly 10 million soldiers dying on the battlefield and an additional 6 to 10 million civilians perishing due to famine, disease, mass bombings, forced labor, and atrocities committed across occupied regions.

    The suffering extended far beyond the fallen. Approximately 21 million people were wounded in combat—many left with lifelong physical and psychological scars. Another 7 million individuals were reported missing or unaccounted for, their fates often unknown to this day.

    These numbers are more than statistics—they represent families shattered, communities erased, and generations forever changed.

    • Abandoned Vehicles near Bobruysk

      Copyright info Abandoned and destroyed vehicles of the German 9th Army at a road near Titovka/Bobruysk (Belarus), taken between 28–30 June 1944.
      Part of a Soviet photo series documenting the war achievements of the 16th Air Army.
      Source: Central Archives of the Russian Ministry of Defence, F. 233, Op. 2356, d. 391, t. 1.
      Public Domain.

    • Maxim M/32-33 machine gun nest – 100 m from Soviet forces

      Copyright info Maxim M/32-33 machine gun nest – 100 m from Soviet forces
      Used during the Winter War, located approximately 5 km north of Lemetti (today’s Pitkyarantsky District, Russia). Date taken: 21 February 1940.
      Part of the Finnish Wartime Photograph Archive of the Finnish Defence Forces. Photographer unknown. Public domain.

    • Adolf Hitler in front of the Eiffel Tower – Paris, 23 June 1940

      Copyright info Adolf Hitler in front of the Eiffel Tower – Paris, 23 June 1940
      Adolf Hitler and his entourage (including Albert Speer, Arno Breker, Wilhelm Keitel, Martin Bormann, Otto Dietrich, Wilhelm Brückner, Hermann Giesler, Karl Wolff) after visiting the Eiffel Tower – staged for propaganda during the Nazi occupation of France.
      Source: German Federal Archives / Zentralbild. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 DE.

    • American and Soviet Troops at the Elbe River – April 1945

      Copyright info American and Soviet Troops at the Elbe River – April 1945
      American and Soviet soldiers meet east of the Elbe River, captured in April 1945.
      Source: U.S. Army (official duty), Public Domain (USA).

    • Loudspeaker Truck at the Upper Rhine Front – 1939

      Copyright info Loudspeaker Truck at the Upper Rhine Front – 1939
      Two members of an NSDAP propaganda troop (district leadership, central radio office) standing next to a loudspeaker truck on the Western Front. Photographer: Harren. Source: Federal Archives (Bundesarchiv), Bild 101I-036-0175-16. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 de.

    • Cavalry Scout Reaches Burning Village – July 1941

      Copyright info Cavalry Scout Reaches Burning Village – July 1941
      A German cavalry reconnaissance unit approaches a burning village near Mogilow on the Dnieper, captured on 16 July 1941 by Rudolf Kessler. Part of Wehrmacht propaganda (Propaganda Company 689, Film No. 1032/14a/15). Press-release approved on 28 July 1941. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 de.

    • Katyn – Opening of Mass Graves – March 1943

      Copyright info Katyn – Opening of Mass Graves – March 1943
      Opening of mass graves of Polish officers murdered in Soviet captivity in spring 1940, at Katyn. Photographed in March 1943 by Ludwig Knobloch.
      Source: German Federal Archives, Image 101I-152-1845-29A / Knobloch, Ludwig. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 de.

    • German Troops March into Athens – May 1941

      Copyright info German Troops March into Athens – May 1941
      German soldiers with a light armored personnel carrier (Sd.Kfz. 250) entering Athens, captured in May 1941. Photographer: Rauch.
      Source: German Federal Archives, Image 101I-164-0357-29A / Rauch. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 de.

    • Arrest and Transport of Jews in Poland – September 1939

      Copyright info Arrest and Transport of Jews in Poland – September 1939
      Transport of arrested Jews in a truck under surveillance by police and SD in Poland. Photographer: Lifta.
      Source: German Federal Archives, Image 101I-380-0069-33 / Lifta. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 de.

    • German Troops Withdrawal, Russia – December 1943

      Copyright info German Troops Withdrawal, Russia – December 1943
      Late December 1943: German forces systematically abandon the region between Ilmensee and the Gulf of Finland up to Lake Peipus. Shows motorized units and horse-drawn wagons on a muddy road. War correspondent: Reimers (issue date 28 Feb 1944).
      Source: German Federal Archives, Image 101I-725-0190-15. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 de.

    • Light Armored Scout Car (Sd. Kfz. 222) in Jutland – April 1940

      Copyright info Light Armored Scout Car (Sd. Kfz. 222) in Jutland – April 1940
      Reconnaissance armored car (technically Sd. Kfz. 223 with frame aerial, but commonly labeled Sd. Kfz. 222) passing through Viborg during the rapid German advance north. Photographer: Bieling; Propaganda Company D/Scherl. Published 12 April 1940.
      Source: German Federal Archives, Image 101I-753-0010-19A / Bieling. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 de.

    • Italian Carro Armato M13/40 in North Africa – May 1941

      Copyright info Italian Carro Armato M13/40 in North Africa – May 1941
      A group of Italian M13/40 tanks traversing the desert. Photographer: Moosmüller (May 1941). Source: German Federal Archives, Image 101I-783-0104-38. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 de.

    • Submarine U-94 enters St. Nazaire – Karl Dönitz on the quay, June 1941

      Copyright info Submarine U-94 enters St. Nazaire – Karl Dönitz on the quay, June 1941
      German U-boat U-94 entering Saint-Nazaire harbor. Admiral Karl Dönitz stands on the quay—during presentation of the Knight’s Cross to Kptlt. Kuppisch. Photographer: Buchheim; German Federal Archives Image 101II-MW-3491-06. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 de.

    • U-Boat Bunker under Construction, Lorient – April 1942

      Copyright info U-Boat Bunker under Construction, Lorient – April 1942
      Construction of a U-boat bunker in Lorient, Brittany, France. Photographer: Dietrich (April 1942). Source: German Federal Archives, Image 101II-MW-3936-06A. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 de.

    • Armistice Negotiations – Compiègne, June 1940

      Copyright info Armistice Negotiations – Compiègne, June 1940
      German negotiating delegation in the forest of Compiègne: L-R Joachim von Ribbentrop, Adolf Hitler; front (from behind) Hermann Göring; obscured Erich Raeder; possibly Walther von Brauchitsch; far right Rudolf Hess. Photographer: Pleißer (22 June 1940). Source: German Federal Archives, Image 101III-Pleißer-001-19. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 de.

    • Belgrade after Aerial Bombardment – Destruction, 1941

      Copyright info Belgrade after Aerial Bombardment – Destruction, 1941
      Destroyed buildings in Belgrade during the Balkan Campaign of 1941 (Yugoslavia), likely following a German air raid. Photographer: unknown. Date: 1941.
      Source: Bundesarchiv, Image 141-1005. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 de.

    • German Troops Enter Brussels – May 1940

      Copyright info German Troops Enter Brussels – May 1940
      Depicts German troops marching into Belgium’s capital during the West Offensive. Year: 1940. Photographer: unknown. Source: German Federal Archives, Image 146-1969-129-01. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 de.

    • Coventry Destruction, Broadgate – 15 November 1940

      Copyright info Coventry Destruction, Broadgate – 15 November 1940
      Wide shot of the destruction in central Coventry (Broadgate) the morning after the air raid (“Coventry Blitz”) on 14–15 November 1940. Notable: the burnt-out Owen Owen department store (opened in 1937). Photographer: Lt Taylor, War Office; Source: Imperial War Museums (H 5600), Public Domain.

    • Staged Border Opening at Danzig – 1 September 1939 (Propaganda)

      Copyright info Staged Border Opening at Danzig – 1 September 1939 (Propaganda)
      Note: This image does **not** depict actual events of 1 September 1939. It is a **staged reenactment** shot on **14 September 1939**, with Free City of Danzig police and border officials pretending to remove the Polish border barrier near Sopot for propaganda purposes.

    • Exodus 1947 Arrives in Haifa – July 1947

      Copyright info Exodus 1947 Arrives in Haifa – July 1947
      The *Exodus*, formerly known as the *President Warfield*, arriving in Haifa with approximately 4,515 Jewish refugees aboard. Photo taken on 20 July 1947. Source: British Admiralty photo, reprinted in *Steam Packets on the Chesapeake* (1961).

    • Field Marshal Keitel Signs Unconditional Surrender – Berlin-Karlshorst, 8 May 1945

      Copyright info Field Marshal Keitel Signs Unconditional Surrender – Berlin-Karlshorst, 8 May 1945
      Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel (Chief of OKW) signs the unconditional surrender of the Wehrmacht at the Soviet military headquarters in Berlin-Karlshorst (8 May 1945). Source: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Effective date: Victory in Europe Day.

    • First Pictures of the Japanese Occupation of Peiping (Beijing) – 13 August 1937

      Copyright info First Pictures of the Japanese Occupation of Peiping (Beijing) – 13 August 1937
      Under the Rising Sun flag, Japanese troops pass through Chen-men, the main gate to the Forbidden City. Photo by Associated Press, 13 August 1937. Public Domain (China).

    • Imperial Japanese Battleship Fusō under U.S. Air Attack – 24 October 1944

      Copyright info Imperial Japanese Battleship Fusō under U.S. Air Attack – 24 October 1944
      The battleship Fusō is attacked by US carrier aircraft hours before the Battle of Surigao Strait. Sustained bomb damage. Background ship identified as Mogami or possibly Yamashiro. Source: U.S. Navy History and Heritage Command (Photo # 80-G-281762). Public Domain.

    • Into the Jaws of Death – U.S. Troops at Omaha Beach, 6 June 1944

      Copyright info Into the Jaws of Death – U.S. Troops at Omaha Beach, 6 June 1944
      U.S. soldiers of Company A, 16 Infantry Regiment, 1st Infantry Division wade into the water from an LCVP of the USS Samuel Chase at the Fox Green section of Omaha Beach under German fire, around 08:30 on D-Day. Photographer: Robert F. Sargent; National Archives and Records Administration (Public Domain).

    • Italian Soldiers Taken Prisoner at Bardia – 6 January 1941

      Copyright info Italian Soldiers Taken Prisoner at Bardia – 6 January 1941
      A column of Italian POWs marching to a British base near Bardia, Libya. Photo by Capt. G. Keating, No 1 Army Film & Photographic Unit; Source: Imperial War Museums. Public Domain (UK).

    • Japanese naval landing force blasting Chinese pillbox and marching with the naval flag – Canton Operation, 1938

      Copyright info Japanese naval landing force blasting Chinese pillbox and marching with the naval flag – Canton Operation, 1938
      Japanese naval landing forces blasting a Chinese pillbox and marching with the naval flag during the Canton Operation. Date: 1938. Author: Imperial Japanese Navy. License: Public Domain in Japan and the U.S. See Wikimedia Commons for full details.

    • Landing operations on Rendova Island – 30 June 1943

      Copyright info Landing operations on Rendova Island – 30 June 1943
      U.S. troops land at daybreak in heavy rain on Rendova Island (Solomon Islands), huddling behind tree trunks and whatever cover they can find – the opening of the New Georgia Campaign. Source: U.S. Navy/NARA public domain.

    • Iranian Women Watching Allied Supply Convoy – Persian Corridor, 5 June 1943

      Copyright info Iranian Women Watching Allied Supply Convoy – Persian Corridor, 5 June 1943
      Iranian women watch an Allied convoy of US military supplies for the USSR halted somewhere along the Persian Corridor on 5 June 1943. Source: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Public Domain.

    • Destroyed U.S. Aircraft after the Attack on Pearl Harbor – 7 December 1941

      Copyright info Destroyed U.S. Aircraft after the Attack on Pearl Harbor – 7 December 1941
      Devastated U.S. aircraft at Ford Island airfield immediately following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Photographer: U.S. Navy (official photo 80-G-19948); from the National Archives. License: Public Domain (U.S. government work).

    • Ruins of the Reichstag after Allied bombing – 3 June 1945

      Copyright info Ruins of the Reichstag after Allied bombing – 3 June 1945
      Photograph taken on 3 June 1945, showing the ruined Reichstag building in Berlin following Allied bombing and its capture by Soviet forces. Source: Wikimedia Commons (Public Domain, No 5 Army Film & Photographic Unit, Sgt. Hewitt) :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}.

    • Soldiers carrying a wounded soldier – Leningrad Front, 1 October 1941

      Copyright info Soldiers carrying a wounded soldier – Leningrad Front, 1 October 1941
      A group of Soviet soldiers carrying a wounded comrade during the operation at Nevskaya Dubrovska, Leningrad Front. Photographer: Vsevolod Tarasevich; Source: RIA Novosti archive #1000; License: CC BY-SA 3.0.

    • The ruins of Stalingrad – destroyed workshop of the “Red October” factory, 21 January 1943

      Copyright info The ruins of Stalingrad – destroyed workshop of the “Red October” factory, 21 January 1943
      Destroyed workshop area of the “Red October” steel plant in Stalingrad following intense bombing. Photographer: Georgy Zelma. Source: RIA Novosti archive #2383, CC BY-SA 3.0 :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}.

    • Center of Stalingrad after Liberation – 2 February 1943

      Copyright info Center of Stalingrad after Liberation – 2 February 1943
      The devastated city center of Stalingrad shortly after its liberation from German occupation during WWII. Photographer: Georgy Zelma; Source: RIA Novosti archive #602161. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.

    • Rotterdam – damaged Laurenskerk after bombing, May 1940

      Copyright info Rotterdam – damaged Laurenskerk after bombing, May 1940
      Rotterdam's city centre after the devastating Luftwaffe air raid on 14 May 1940; the ruins of the Gothic Laurenskerk survived and are shown after debris removal. Photo taken in the afternoon of the bombing. :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}

    • Aerial View of Destruction After Bomber Command Raid – Hamburg, circa 1945

      Copyright info Aerial View of Destruction After Bomber Command Raid – Hamburg, circa 1945
      Oblique aerial view of residential and commercial buildings south of Eilbektal Park in Hamburg’s Eilbek district—devastated by the RAF Bomber Command firestorm following the night raid of 27–28 July 1943 (Operation Gomorrah). Photographer: Fg Off J. Dowd, RAF official photographer; image reference CL 3400. Source: Imperial War Museum, Public Domain.

    • A British soldier keeps sharp lookout in the ruins of Caen – 9 July 1944

      Copyright info A British soldier keeps sharp lookout in the ruins of Caen – 9 July 1944
      A British Army soldier scans for snipers in the ruined city of Caen. He carries a Lee-Enfield .303 rifle and wears an Mk III steel helmet. Photographer: Sgt. Christie, No 5 Army Film & Photographic Unit. Source: Imperial War Museums (collection no. 4700-29). Public Domain (Crown Copyright has expired) :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}

    • Soviet Troops and T-34 Tanks Counterattacking – Kursk/Prokhorovka, 12 July 1943

      Copyright info Soviet Troops and T-34 Tanks Counterattacking – Kursk/Prokhorovka, 12 July 1943
      Soviet soldiers of the Voronezh Front counterattack behind T-34 tanks near Prokhorovka during the Battle of Kursk. Photo taken on 12 July 1943; photographer: Red Army photographer. Source: Mil.ru (Russian Ministry of Defence). Licensed under CC BY 4.0 (Attribution).

    • Spitfire camera-gun film shows tracer ammunition – hit on He 111, 25 September 1940

      Copyright info Spitfire camera-gun film shows tracer ammunition – hit on He 111, 25 September 1940
      A still from the camera gun of a Supermarine Spitfire Mk I of No. 609 Squadron RAF, flown by Flight Lt J H G McArthur, showing tracer ammunition hitting a Heinkel He 111 on its starboard quarter. The aircraft belonged to a large formation of KG 53 and KG 55 that attacked the Bristol Aeroplane Company’s works at Filton, Bristol, just before midday on 25 September 1940. License: Public Domain (British government work created before 1 June 1957).

    • The “Big Three” at the Tehran Conference – 28 November to 1 December 1943

      Copyright info The “Big Three” at the Tehran Conference – 28 November to 1 December 1943
      Pictured on the portico of the Russian Embassy in Tehran: from left to right Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill in his RAF Air Commodore uniform. Photographer unknown, taken by a U.S. Army servicemember in the line of duty. Public Domain (U.S. federal government work).

    • Montgomery Signs Partial Surrender – Lüneburg Heath, 4 May 1945

      Copyright info Montgomery Signs Partial Surrender – Lüneburg Heath, 4 May 1945
      Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery signing the partial surrender of German forces in North-West Europe (6 June 1944 – 7 May 1945) on a parade ground at Wendisch Evern, Lüneburg Heath. Photograph dated 4 May 1945; photographer: Edward G. W. Malindine. Source: Imperial War Museums, Public Domain (Crown Copyright expired).

    • Erschießung von 56 polnischen Zivilisten in Bochnia – 18. Dezember 1939

      Copyrightinfo Erschießung von 56 polnischen Zivilisten in Bochnia – 18. Dezember 1939
      Erschießung von 56 polnischen Zivilisten durch Wehrmachtssoldaten als Vergeltung für einen Angriff auf eine deutsche Polizeistation. Aufnahme vom 18. Dezember 1939, Quelle: Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe (Polen) – Album eines gefangenen deutschen Offiziers. Werk ist gemeinfrei (Polen, US-Public-Domain). (Originalbeschreibung auf Wikimedia Commons)

    • Scuttled French Fleet at Toulon – 28 November 1942

      Copyright info Scuttled French Fleet at Toulon – 28 November 1942
      Aerial photo of the French fleet in Toulon harbour one day after its scuttling by Vichy France, taken by the Royal Air Force on 28 November 1942. Still burning cruisers and sunken destroyers are visible—e.g., Strasbourg (partly submerged), Colbert ablaze, with Algérie and Marseillaise under smoke. Source: RAF / Library of Congress, public domain (U.S. and U.K. government work). :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}

    • Waves of paratroops land in Holland – September 1944

      Copyright info Waves of paratroops land in Holland – September 1944
      Parachutes open overhead as waves of paratroops land in Holland during operations by the 1st Allied Airborne Army. Date: September 1944. Source: U.S. National Archives (archives.gov), Public Domain (U.S. federal government).

    • Wieluń destroyed by German air raids – 1 September 1939

      Copyright info Wieluń destroyed by German air raids – 1 September 1939
      The Polish town of Wieluń after being bombed by the German Luftwaffe on 1 September 1939 – the very first day of World War II. Aerial photograph. Licensing: Public Domain (Poland) :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}

    The Unsung Heroes: Women on the Frontlines of a Changing World

    Women During the War

    During World War II, women played an essential yet often underrecognized role in the war effort, both on the frontlines and at home. As millions of men went off to fight, women stepped into roles traditionally held by men—working in factories, shipyards, and farms, producing everything from ammunition to aircraft. They served as nurses, spies, resistance fighters, and even combatants in some countries. In Britain and the U.S., women joined auxiliary military services, such as the WAAF, WAVES, and the Soviet Red Army’s female sniper divisions. Their contributions were vital to sustaining the war effort and keeping national economies afloat. At the same time, women faced immense personal sacrifices, raising families alone, enduring bombings, and navigating rationing and loss. The war marked a turning point in gender roles, laying the groundwork for future movements toward equality and transforming perceptions of women’s capabilities in both public and private life.

    • WW 21800 Woman A Woman Measuring Piece Of Munitions At The General Engineering Company Canada Factory I 0004898

    • WW 21800 Woman Ancona Girls

    • WW 21800 Woman Bundesarchiv Bild 101 I 768 0147 15 Paris Wehrmachtshelferinnen

    • WW 21800 Woman Commander Adelaide Sinclair

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    • WW 21800 Woman Hrh Princess Elizabeth In The Auxiliary Territorial Service April 1945 TR 2832

    • WW 21800 Woman Indian Women Training For Air Raid Precautions ARP Duties In Bombay 1942 IND 1492

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    • WW 21800 Woman Training To Become Officers Of The Indian Womens Auxiliary Corps

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    • WW 21800 Woman WAAF Plotters At Work In The Operations Room At No 11 Group HQ At Uxbridge In Middlesex 1942 CH 7698

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    • WW 21800 Woman WASP Trainees And Their Instructor Pilot

    • WW 21800 Woman Womens Factory War Work At Slough Training Centre England UK 1941 D 3510

    • WW 21800 Woman Zene Cetnici Vojvode Dujica

    Visit the battlefields, memorials, and historic sites where World War II changed the course of history.

    In the Footsteps of World War II

    To truly understand the global scope and human cost of World War II, visit the places where history was made and lives were forever changed. From the stormy beaches of Normandy to the silent remains of concentration camps, these locations bear witness to courage, atrocity, and liberation. Across Europe, the Pacific, and beyond, museums, bunkers, cemeteries, and memorials preserve the memory of a conflict that reshaped the modern world.

    Begin your journey in Normandy, France, where the D-Day landings of June 6, 1944, marked the beginning of Europe’s liberation. Walk along Omaha and Utah Beach, visit the American Cemetery at Colleville-sur-Mer, and explore the Pegasus Bridge Museum. At Pointe du Hoc, you can still see the German bunkers and bomb craters from the Allied assault.

    Next, travel to Berlin, Germany, the heart of the Nazi regime and the final battleground of the European theater. Stand at the site of Hitler’s former bunker, visit the Holocaust Memorial and Topography of Terror Museum, and walk through the remains of the Berlin Wall, a powerful symbol of the Cold War that followed the war’s end.

    Head east to Kraków and Oświęcim, Poland, to confront one of the darkest chapters in human history at Auschwitz-Birkenau, the largest Nazi concentration and extermination camp. Guided tours offer a harrowing but essential look into the machinery of genocide and the resilience of its victims.

    In London, England, the Churchill War Rooms provide a glimpse into Britain's wartime leadership. The underground bunker complex where Winston Churchill directed the war effort remains preserved as it was, complete with maps, offices, and radio rooms. Nearby, the Imperial War Museum offers exhibits on the Blitz, wartime life, and the Holocaust.

    Travel south to Rome and Monte Cassino, Italy, where the Allies fought a series of grueling battles in 1943–44. Visit the Monte Cassino Abbey, destroyed and rebuilt after the fierce fighting, and the Commonwealth War Cemetery, a tribute to thousands of fallen soldiers.

    Further east, in Volgograd, Russia (formerly Stalingrad), visit the massive Motherland Calls statue and the Panorama Museum, commemorating one of the bloodiest battles in history. The city’s ruins and memorials speak to the scale of the Soviet struggle and sacrifice.

    For a Pacific perspective, journey to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, where the surprise attack by Japan on December 7, 1941, drew the United States into the war. The USS Arizona Memorial and nearby Pacific Aviation Museum tell the story of a turning point in global conflict.

    In Japan, the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki offer solemn reflection on the war’s end and the dawn of the nuclear age. Peace Memorial Parks in both cities include museums, monuments, and survivor testimonies that advocate for disarmament and remembrance.

    Back in the United States, visit Washington, D.C., where the National World War II Memorial honors the 16 million Americans who served. Each pillar and inscription reflects the unity and scale of the war effort.

    Whether you're standing in a bullet-scarred village or walking through a peaceful memorial garden, these places reveal the resilience of those who endured, the cost of tyranny, and the hard-won value of peace. In the footsteps of World War II, we are reminded of the fragility of freedom—and our shared responsibility to protect it.

    • Normandy

      France

      In Normandy, World War II comes to life at the historic D-Day landing sites. Walk along Omaha and Utah Beach, explore the American Cemetery at Colleville-sur-Mer, and see the German bunkers at Pointe du Hoc. Visit the Pegasus Bridge Museum and numerous memorials across the coast. These powerful sites offer a moving insight into the Allied invasion of June 6, 1944, and the intense battles that marked the beginning of Europe’s liberation.

      Google Maps

    • Colleville-sur-Mer

      France

      In Colleville-sur-Mer, the heart of remembrance is the Normandy American Cemetery, where nearly 10,000 U.S. soldiers are buried overlooking Omaha Beach. The site includes a memorial, a chapel, and a visitor center with moving exhibits about the D-Day landings. Walking among the rows of white crosses and stars, visitors can reflect on the sacrifice made during the liberation of Europe. The nearby beach and preserved German bunkers complete the powerful experience.

      Google Maps

    • Berlin

      Germany

      In Berlin, World War II history is deeply woven into the cityscape. Visit the Topography of Terror, built on the former Gestapo headquarters site, and the Holocaust Memorial, honoring six million murdered Jews. See the remains of the Berlin Wall, a legacy of the war’s aftermath, and explore the German-Russian Museum in Karlshorst, where Germany’s unconditional surrender was signed. Berlin’s monuments, ruins, and museums powerfully tell the story of Nazi rule, resistance, and the war’s devastating end.

      Google Maps

    • Kraków

      Poland

      In Kraków, traces of World War II are found throughout the city. Visit the Oskar Schindler’s Enamel Factory, now a museum detailing Nazi occupation and Jewish persecution. Walk through the former Jewish Ghetto in Podgórze, and see the Ghetto Heroes Square and Pharmacy Under the Eagle, both sites of resistance and remembrance. Nearby, the Plaszów concentration camp grounds remind visitors of the atrocities committed. Kraków preserves both suffering and stories of courage from the wartime years.

      Google Maps

    • Oświęcim

      Poland

      In Oświęcim, World War II is etched into global memory as the site of Auschwitz-Birkenau, the largest Nazi concentration and extermination camp. Today, it serves as a powerful memorial and museum. Visitors can walk through the original barracks, gas chambers, and exhibitions that document the Holocaust and the lives lost. Located just outside the town center, Auschwitz offers a sobering, essential reminder of the consequences of hatred, totalitarianism, and war.

      Google Maps

    • London

      England

      In London, World War II history is vividly preserved. Visit the Churchill War Rooms, the underground bunker where Britain’s wartime leadership planned key operations. The Imperial War Museum offers powerful exhibits on the Blitz, daily life during the war, and the Holocaust. Explore the RAF Museum or take in the Cenotaph on Whitehall, the national war memorial. Throughout the city, plaques and preserved bomb damage still mark London’s resilience during the darkest days of the war.

      Google Maps

    • Rome

      Italy

      In Rome, World War II history is found in its battle scars and stories of occupation, resistance, and liberation. Visit the Museum of the Liberation of Rome, located in a former SS prison, to learn about the Italian Resistance. The Ardeatine Caves Memorial honors victims of a Nazi massacre in 1944. At Porta San Paolo, the Museum of the Roman Republic and Resistance offers further insights. Rome’s streets still echo with the memory of fierce fighting and a city under siege.

      Google Maps

    • Monte Cassino

      Italy

      Monte Cassino is one of the most significant World War II sites in Italy. The Abbey of Monte Cassino, destroyed during fierce fighting in 1944, was a key German defensive position and the focus of a brutal Allied assault. Today, the rebuilt abbey stands as a symbol of resilience. Nearby, the Commonwealth War Cemetery honors over 4,000 fallen soldiers, and the Polish War Cemetery commemorates the heroic role of Polish troops in the final assault on the monastery.

      Google Maps

    • Volgograd

      Russia

      In Volgograd (formerly Stalingrad), World War II history is deeply felt in every corner of the city. Visit Mamayev Kurgan, a massive memorial complex crowned by The Motherland Calls statue, honoring those who died in the Battle of Stalingrad, one of the war’s bloodiest battles. The Stalingrad Battle Museum displays weapons, personal items, and war diaries. Ruins like Pavlov’s House stand as symbols of Soviet resistance during the brutal siege that changed the course of the war.

      Google Maps

    • Pearl Harbor

      Hawaii, USA

      At Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, visitors can explore the site of the surprise Japanese attack on December 7, 1941, which drew the United States into World War II. The USS Arizona Memorial floats above the sunken battleship, where over 1,100 sailors remain entombed. Nearby, the Battleship Missouri, where Japan formally surrendered in 1945, is open to tours. The Pearl Harbor Aviation Museum and USS Bowfin Submarine Museum offer further insight into the Pacific war.

      Google Maps

    • Hiroshima

      Japan

      In Hiroshima, the legacy of World War II is centered around the tragic first use of the atomic bomb on August 6, 1945. Visit the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park, home to the haunting Atomic Bomb Dome, one of the few buildings left standing near ground zero. The Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum offers powerful exhibits on the bombing and its aftermath. The park’s monuments and memorials promote peace, remembrance, and a world free of nuclear weapons.

      Google Maps

    • Nagasaki

      Japan

      In Nagasaki, World War II is remembered through powerful sites commemorating the atomic bombing of August 9, 1945. Visit the Nagasaki Peace Park, where statues and memorials honor the victims and call for global nuclear disarmament. The nearby Atomic Bomb Museum offers moving exhibits on the devastation and human cost. You can also see the Urakami Cathedral ruins and the Hypocenter Park, marking the exact spot where the bomb exploded. Nagasaki stands today as a symbol of peace and resilience.

      Google Maps

    • Washington, D.C.

      USA

      In Washington, D.C., World War II is honored at the stunning National World War II Memorial, located between the Lincoln Memorial and Washington Monument. With 56 granite pillars and a serene fountain, it pays tribute to the 16 million Americans who served and the more than 400,000 who died. Nearby, the Smithsonian National Museum of American History and Holocaust Memorial Museum offer in-depth exhibits on the war, from the battlefield to the home front and beyond.

      Google Maps

    Read more …WORLD WAR II (1939–1945)

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    Written by Julia Doll on . Posted in Uncategorised.

    Albert Einstein

    Visionary, Physicist, Icon

    Albert Einstein

    Albert Einstein during a lecture in Vienna (1921). Copyrightinfo Albert Einstein during a lecture in Vienna (1921). Photo by Ferdinand Schmutzer (1870–1928). Source: ETH-Bibliothek Zürich / Wikimedia Commons. Public Domain.

    Where Curiosity Meets the Cosmos

    Albert Einstein was more than a physicist—he was a revolutionary thinker whose theories reshaped our understanding of space, time, and reality itself. Best known for his equation E=mc² and the theory of relativity, Einstein’s work laid the foundation for modern physics and continues to influence science, technology, and philosophy today.

    From humble beginnings in Germany to global fame as a Nobel Prize-winning genius, Einstein’s legacy is one of curiosity, creativity, and a deep commitment to truth and progress. Whether you're exploring his scientific breakthroughs or his humanist values, Einstein remains a timeless symbol of innovation and intellectual courage.

    Everything you want to know about

    Albert In one video

    Albert Einstein at the age of three (1882)

    Albert Einstein at the age of three (1882). Copyrightinfo Albert Einstein at the age of three (1882). Photographer unknown. Source: Universität Frankfurt archive (via Wikimedia Commons). Public Domain.

    Albert Einstein as a child (circa 1894). Copyrightinfo Photographer unknown. Source: Physics Archive, University of Frankfurt (via Wikimedia Commons). Public Domain.

    The Early Life of a Curious Mind

    Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879, in the city of Ulm, Germany, and grew up in Munich. From an early age, he stood out—not as a prodigy, but as a quiet, deeply curious child. He was slow to speak and preferred observing to participating. But behind his silence was a mind constantly questioning the world around him.

    His fascination with science began when he was just five years old and his father gave him a compass. Einstein was captivated by the invisible force that made the needle move, sparking a lifelong obsession with uncovering the unseen laws of nature. Later, a small geometry book and a violin would also play key roles in shaping his young mind—he loved music and math in equal measure.

    Einstein’s school years weren’t always easy. He disliked rigid teaching methods and clashed with authority figures, which led to a rebellious spirit and a refusal to accept things at face value. At 16, he left Germany and eventually enrolled at the Swiss Federal Polytechnic in Zurich, where he studied physics and mathematics.

    Though brilliant, Einstein didn’t immediately land an academic position after graduation. Instead, he worked as a clerk in the Swiss Patent Office—a job that gave him time to think. During those quiet hours, he developed some of the boldest theories in modern science. His early years reveal a powerful truth: genius isn’t always obvious from the start—it grows from curiosity, persistence, and a refusal to stop asking “why?”

    Albert Einstein’s personal life was as complex and layered as his theories. He married his first wife, Mileva Marić, a fellow physics student at the Polytechnic in Zurich. Together, they had three children: a daughter named Lieserl, whose fate remains largely unknown, and two sons—Hans Albert, who became a respected engineer, and Eduard, who struggled with mental illness for much of his life. Einstein and Mileva eventually separated and divorced in 1919.

    That same year, he married his second wife, Elsa Löwenthal, who was also his cousin. Elsa managed much of his day-to-day life and helped shield him from public pressures during his rise to international fame. Though the marriage was more practical than passionate, it provided a degree of stability during a chaotic period in Einstein’s life.

    Einstein wasn’t known for being particularly domestic. He often lived apart from his family and focused heavily on his work, sometimes to the frustration of those closest to him. Yet he maintained deep friendships with fellow scientists, artists, and thinkers—people like Niels Bohr, Bertrand Russell, and Charlie Chaplin. He enjoyed music, especially playing the violin, which he said helped him think more clearly.

    Though admired by the public, Einstein remained a private person—charming, humorous, and occasionally difficult. His letters reveal someone deeply thoughtful and emotionally complex, devoted to both truth and freedom, even if his personal relationships didn’t always reflect the harmony he sought in the universe.

    Albert Einstein and his wife Mileva Maric, Prague, 1912. Copyrightinfo Photographer unknown. Source: ETH-Bibliothek Zürich (via Wikimedia Commons). Public Domain.

    Albert Einstein with his wife Elsa, arriving in New York aboard SS Rotterdam, April 2, 1921. Copyrightinfo Photo: Underwood & Underwood, New York / Library of Congress (digital ID: ggbain.32096). Public Domain (USA); may still be protected in some other countries.

    Einstein’s academic breakthroughs and their lasting impact on science

    Where Curiosity Meets the Cosmos

    Einstein's Blackboard at the History of Science Museum in Oxford. Copyrightinfo A blackboard used by Albert Einstein in a 1931 lecture in Oxford. The last three lines give numerical values for the density (ρ), radius (P), and age of the universe. On display at the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford. Photo: Wikimedia Commons user “decltype”, uploaded 18 April 2010. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

    General relativity, Einstein’s 1915 geometric theory of gravity, is the foundation of our modern understanding of gravitation. Copyrightinfo Lattice analogy of the deformation of spacetime caused by a planetary mass (2015). Created by Mysid in Blender & Inkscape. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

    Albert Einstein’s academic journey was anything but ordinary. After graduating from the Swiss Federal Polytechnic in Zurich in 1900, he struggled to find a university teaching position—despite his obvious brilliance. Instead, he took a job at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern. It was during these years, away from the academic spotlight, that he produced some of his most groundbreaking work.

    In 1905, often called his Annus Mirabilis (miracle year), Einstein published four revolutionary papers in the Annalen der Physik, one of the most respected scientific journals of the time. These papers introduced the Special Theory of Relativity, explained the photoelectric effect, described Brownian motion, and established the concept of mass–energy equivalence with the iconic formula E=mc². Remarkably, all of this was achieved without any formal academic position.

    These contributions earned him increasing recognition, and by 1909, he was offered a professorship at the University of Zurich. Soon after, he held posts in Prague, Berlin, and ultimately the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, where he continued to develop his ideas, including the General Theory of Relativity published in 1915. This new theory, which described gravity not as a force but as the curvature of space-time, was confirmed by astronomical observations in 1919—instantly making him a global celebrity.

    Einstein’s academic accolades include honorary doctorates from leading universities, countless awards, and election to prestigious scientific academies. His theories not only earned him the Nobel Prize in 1921, but they also established him as a central figure in the world of theoretical physics. Even after leaving Europe for the U.S., he continued his work at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, inspiring generations of scientists with ideas that remain at the heart of modern physics today.

    Einstein and Religion:

    A Search for Meaning, Not Dogma

    Copyrightinfo Portrait of Albert Einstein by Orren Jack Turner (Princeton, NJ). Retouched by PM_Poon and Dantadd. Public Domain (USA – published between 1930 and 1963, copyright not renewed). May still be protected in certain countries (e.g., Germany, Canada, Switzerland).

    Albert Einstein’s relationship with religion was thoughtful, complex, and often misunderstood. Though born into a Jewish family, he did not practice traditional religion as an adult. In fact, he openly rejected organized religion and dogma, yet he often spoke about God and the mystery of the universe in deeply philosophical terms.

    Einstein believed in what he called a “cosmic religion”—a spiritual feeling that arises from the beauty, order, and vastness of the universe. He admired the harmony of natural laws and often referred to Spinoza’s God: not a personal deity who intervenes in human affairs, but a divine presence reflected in the structure of reality itself.

    He famously said, “Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind.” But for Einstein, “religion” meant not worship or faith in miracles, but a sense of awe and humility in the face of the unknown. He saw science and spirituality not as opposites, but as different responses to the mystery of existence.

    Einstein also strongly opposed religious intolerance and fanaticism, especially during the rise of Nazism. As a Jewish intellectual, he was forced to flee Germany and later became a symbol of the free pursuit of knowledge against ideological oppression.

    Though he didn’t follow a specific religion, Einstein remained deeply interested in the ethical and philosophical questions that religion addresses. His writings reveal a man who searched not for heaven, but for understanding—and who found a kind of reverence in the laws of the cosmos themselves.

    the highlights in pictures:

    A slideshow of Albert Einstein

    • Albert Einstein as a 5-year-old, circa 1884

      The 5 Year Old Einstein

      Copyrightinfo Albert Einstein as a 5-year-old (circa 1884). Photo: Josef Albert (1825–1886), via Christie's. Public Domain.

    • Albert Einstein with his sister Maja Winteler-Einstein

      Albert Einstein and Maja Einstein

      Copyrightinfo Portrait of Albert Einstein with his sister Maja Winteler-Einstein (1881–1951). Photographer unknown. Source: ETH-Bibliothek Zürich (Portrait-Portr 03143-A). Public Domain.

    • Hermann Einstein

      Copyrightinfo Hermann Einstein, father of Albert Einstein. Photographer unknown. Source: Universität Frankfurt archive (via Wikimedia Commons). Public Domain.

    • Edited portrait of Pauline Koch

      Pauline Koch

      Copyrightinfo Edited portrait of Pauline Koch. Photographer unknown; source: Universität Frankfurt (via Wikimedia Commons). Public Domain.

    • Maria “Maja” Einstein, sister of Albert Einstein

      Albert Einstein an his Sister Maja

      Copyrightinfo Maria “Maja” Einstein, sister of Albert Einstein. Photographer unknown. Source: University of Frankfurt (via Wikimedia Commons). Public Domain.

    • Albert Einstein with friends Conrad Habicht and Maurice Solovine, circa 1903

      Einstein with Habicht and Solovine

      Copyrightinfo Albert Einstein with friends Conrad Habicht and Maurice Solovine, circa 1903. Photo: Emil Vollenweider & Son, Bern / ETH-Bibliothek Zürich (via Wikimedia Commons). Public Domain.

    • Albert Einstein (1918)

      Copyrightinfo Porträt Prof. Dr. Albert Einstein, ca. 1925. Bundesarchiv (Bild 183-19000-1918) / CC BY-SA 3.0 DE

    • Einstein Opens the Radio Exhibition in Berlin

      Copyrightinfo Albert Einstein opening the 7th Great German Radio Exhibition (Funkausstellung) in Berlin, August 1930. Photo: German Federal Archives (Bundesarchiv – Image 102-10299; photographer Georg Pahl) / CC BY-SA 3.0 DE. via Wikimedia Commons

    • Einstein & Oppenheimer

      Copyrightinfo Albert Einstein and Robert Oppenheimer, posed photograph at the Institute for Advanced Study, circa 1950. Photo: U.S. Government / Defense Threat Reduction Agency (public domain in the U.S.). via Wikimedia Commons

    • Rabindranath Tagore and Albert Einstein (1930)

      Copyrightinfo Rabindranath Tagore and Albert Einstein, 1930. Photo: UNESCO Gallery / UNESCO (via Wikimedia Commons). Public Domain (U.S. and India). via Wikimedia Commons

    • Einstein together with leading representatives of Zionism (1921)

      Copyrightinfo Albert Einstein with leading members of the World Zionist Organization aboard SS Rotterdam, New York, April 2, 1921 (including Elsa Einstein, Menachem Ussishkin, Chaim Weizmann, Vera Weizmann, and Ben-Zion Mossinson). Photo: Underwood & Underwood, New York (first published 1921) / Public domain in the U.S. (published before 1923). via Wikimedia Commons

    • Einstein during his only visit to the Technion in Haifa (February 1923)

      Copyrightinfo Albert Einstein, center, visits the Technion in 1923. During his visit, he planted a now-famous palm tree that still stands in front of the old Technion building in Hadar. Photo: unknown author (courtesy Wikimedia Commons). Public Domain (Israel; copyright expired). via Wikimedia Commons

    • Einstein received his American naturalization certificate from Judge Phillip Forman

      Copyrightinfo Albert Einstein receiving his certificate of American citizenship from Judge Phillip Forman, October 1, 1940. Photo: Al. Aumüller (World-Telegram photo) / released into the public domain by the copyright holder (World-Telegram), courtesy of the U.S. Library of Congress. via Wikimedia Commons

    • Einstein's lecture on July 11, 1923 in Gothenburg

      Copyrightinfo Albert Einstein speaking in Gothenburg, Sweden, July 11 1923. Photo: Anders Wilhelm Karnell (Gothenburg Library Archive) / Public Domain in applicable jurisdictions (author died 1934). via Wikimedia Commons

    • Albert Einstein with Niels Bohr in Brussels in 1930, photograph by Paul Ehrenfest

      Copyrightinfo Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein at the 1930 Solvay Conference in Brussels. Photo by Paul Ehrenfest, taken at his home in Leiden, likely on December 11, 1925—on the 50th anniversary of Hendrik Lorentz’s doctorate. Public Domain: author deceased in 1933; free to use in countries with “life + 80 years or fewer” copyright terms. via Wikimedia Commons

    • Nobel Prize 1921, awarded on 10 December 1922

      Copyrightinfo The Nobel Prize certificate awarded to Albert Einstein in 1921, presented on December 10, 1922. Source: Sofia Gisberg / Public Domain (copyright expired across many jurisdictions, including the U.S. and countries with “life + 70 years” protection). via Wikimedia Commons

    • Einstein's Matura certificate from the Kantonsschule Aarau

      Copyrightinfo Albert Einstein’s certificate of maturity from the Canton of Aargau, Switzerland, dated October 3, 1896, recording his written and oral exam grades. Source: Authorities of the Canton of Aargau, Switzerland (public authorities) — Public Domain (Swiss law, Art. 5). via Wikimedia Commons

      in Switzerland, a 6 is the best grade and a 1 the worst

    • Immigration certificate from January 1936

      Copyrightinfo Albert Einstein’s maturity certificate (Matura) from the Canton of Aargau, dated October 3, 1896, showing his grades in written and oral exams. Source: Authorities of the Canton of Aargau, Switzerland (public authority) — Public Domain under Swiss law (Art. 5), as it is an official governmental document. via Wikimedia Commons

    • Honorary doctorate certificate (1919)

      Copyrightinfo Honorary doctorate certificate awarded to Albert Einstein, dated November 12, 1919. Source: Authorities of the Canton of Aargau (official document), author unknown — Public Domain, as it contains no original authorship and is an official work. via Wikimedia Commons

    • Einstein on a 5 lirot banknote (Israel, 1968)

      Copyrightinfo 5 Israeli Lirot banknote with the portrait of Albert Einstein, issued 1968. Photo: scanned by Wikimedia Commons user Scarlet / Use permitted by the Bank of Israel under these conditions: reproductions must differ by at least 30% in size, not show both sides as a realistic note, not degrade the note, and if reprinted must preserve colors unless in black-and-white, with attribution to the Bank of Israel. via Wikimedia Commons

    • Berlin memorial plaque at Ehrenbergstraße 33 in Berlin-Dahlem

      Copyrightinfo Berlin memorial plaque honoring Albert Einstein at Ehrenbergstraße 33, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany (photographed March 9, 2009). Photo: OTFW, Berlin (own work) / licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0. via Wikimedia Commons

    • Albert Einstein's summer house in Caputh near Potsdam

      Copyrightinfo Albert Einstein’s summer house in Caputh, near Potsdam, Germany. Photo taken on April 15, 2006 by Stephan M. Höhne (own picture, Sony DSC-R1). Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0. via Wikimedia Commons

    • Einstein's house in Aarau

      Copyrightinfo House where Albert Einstein lived during 1895–1896 in Aarau, Switzerland (while attending the Alte Kantonsschule), located at Laurenzenvorstadt 119. Photo: own work by Saippuakauppias, 2007 — Multi-licensed under GNU FDL 1.2+ and CC BY 2.5. via Wikimedia Commons

    • Bust of Albert Einstein in the Deutsches Museum in Munich

      Copyrightinfo Marble bust of Albert Einstein on display at the Deutsches Museum in Munich, photographed July 18, 2020. Photo: Falcodigiada (own work, uploaded 2023) / licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 International. via Wikimedia Commons

    • Street sign Einstein Terrace, Bern

      Copyrightinfo Street sign for "Einsteinterrasse" in Bern, Switzerland (photographed May 5, 2021). Photo: own work by Wikimedia user Dafadllyn / released into the public domain under CC0 1.0 Universal (Public Domain Dedication). via Wikimedia Commons

    • Memorial at the site of Einstein's birthplace in Ulm

      Copyrightinfo Monument in Ulm marking the site where Albert Einstein’s birthplace once stood (photographed September 19, 2009). Photo: Own work by Memorino / licensed under CC BY 3.0 (also available under GFDL). via Wikimedia Commons

    • Monument in Prague near Jan Hus Square

      Copyrightinfo Plaque commemorating Albert Einstein on the house No. 551/17, Old Town Square, Prague. Photo: own work by Werner Ochs, dated October 8, 2006. Released under GNU Free Documentation License 1.2 or later (no invariant sections). via Wikimedia Commons

    • Memorial to Albert Einstein, Street of Remembrance, Berlin

      Copyrightinfo Statue in the “Straße der Erinnerung” (Street of Remembrance), Berlin-Moabit, honoring Albert Einstein (photographed March 13, 2024). Photo: own work by Molgreen / licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 International. via Wikimedia Commons

    • Einstein in the Rose Garden in Bern

      Copyrightinfo Statue of Albert Einstein seated on a park bench in the Rose Garden (Rosengarten), Bern (photographed April 30, 2022). Photo: Own work by JoachimKohler-HB — licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 International. via Wikimedia Commons

    • Albert Einstein Statue

      Copyrightinfo Statue of Einstein by Robert Berks in the courtyard of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities

    From Germany to the United States

    The Timeline of his life

    Where Einstein Lived:

    A Life Across Continents

    Albert Einstein’s life took him across Europe and the United States, with each place marking a different chapter of his scientific and personal journey.

    He was born in Ulm, Germany in 1879, but his family moved shortly after to Munich, where he spent most of his childhood and school years. In 1895, at the age of 16, Einstein moved to Switzerland to escape the rigid German school system. He lived in Aarau briefly before enrolling in the Swiss Federal Polytechnic in Zurich, where he studied physics and mathematics.

    After graduation, he settled in Bern, where he worked at the Swiss Patent Office. During his time in Bern, he developed many of his early groundbreaking theories, including special relativity. He later held academic posts in Zurich, Prague, and then again in Zurich, before accepting a prestigious position in Berlin in 1914. He lived in Berlin for nearly two decades and completed his General Theory of Relativity there.

    In 1933, with the rise of the Nazi regime, Einstein left Germany permanently. He briefly stayed in Belgium and Britainbefore accepting a long-term position in the United States. He settled in Princeton, New Jersey, where he worked at the Institute for Advanced Study. This would remain his home for the rest of his life—until his death in 1955.

    Einstein’s homes reflect a life shaped by intellectual pursuit, political upheaval, and a relentless drive for freedom and discovery. From Ulm to Princeton, each location tells part of the story of one of history’s most influential thinkers.

    In the Footsteps of Einstein:

    Places to Visit

    To truly understand Albert Einstein, step into the places where he lived, worked, and changed the course of science. Across Europe and the United States, several destinations offer a glimpse into the life of this extraordinary mind.

    Start in Ulm, Germany, where Einstein was born in 1879. Although the original house no longer stands, the Einstein Fountain and Einstein Museum in Ulm honor his legacy with interactive exhibits and historical context.

    Travel next to Munich, where Einstein spent his early childhood and schooling years. While the schools he attended have changed over time, the city shaped his early interest in science and mathematics.

    A pivotal chapter unfolds in Bern, Switzerland, where Einstein worked at the Swiss Patent Office. The Einstein House(Einsteinhaus) at Kramgasse 49 is preserved as a museum and offers a glimpse into the humble surroundings where he formulated the theory of special relativity in 1905.

    In Zurich, you can visit the ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), where Einstein studied and later taught. The campus remains a hub for innovation and reflects his strong academic roots.

    Make a stop in Prague, where Einstein held a short but influential professorship. He lived in the city for about a year, and his apartment in the Old Town is marked by a plaque recognizing his contribution.

    Berlin is another must-visit. As a professor at the Prussian Academy of Sciences, Einstein lived here from 1914 to 1933. Although his home was destroyed during WWII, sites like the German Museum of Technology and Berlin's Jewish Museum explore his work and legacy.

    Finally, head to Princeton, New Jersey, USA. Einstein spent the last 22 years of his life at the Institute for Advanced Study. While the Institute is not open to the public, you can walk the streets of Einstein’s neighborhood, visit Princeton University, and even see his modest home at 112 Mercer Street—still privately owned, but marked as a historic site.

    From quiet Swiss streets to bustling American campuses, these places offer a unique look at how a global citizen of science lived, worked, and inspired generations.

    360 Panoramas

    • Ulm

      In Ulm, you can trace Albert Einstein’s roots at the Einstein Fountain, a symbolic sculpture near the Zeughaus, and the Einstein Memorial on Bahnhofstraße, marking his birthplace. The Museum "Die Einsteins" offers insights into his family history, while the upcoming Albert Einstein Discovery Center will explore his life and theories. For a broader view of the city, visit the Ulm Minster, which Einstein reportedly climbed during a 1923 visit.

    • Munich

      In Munich, you can explore Albert Einstein’s early life by visiting the Albert Einstein Gymnasium, formerly the Luitpold-Gymnasium, where he attended school as a teenager. While his childhood home on Müllerstraße no longer stands, the area remains a point of interest for tracing his roots. For a broader scientific context, the Deutsches Museum features extensive physics exhibits that reflect the era in which Einstein began forming his ideas. To tie it all together, a guided walking tour through Munich’s Old Town offers deeper insights into how the city influenced his development and showcases key locations from his youth.

    • Bern

      In Bern, you can dive into Albert Einstein’s life by visiting the Einstein House on Kramgasse, where he lived from 1903 to 1905 and developed some of his most groundbreaking theories, including special relativity. The restored apartment offers an intimate look at his daily life, with exhibits of photos, documents, and a short film. Just a short walk away, the Einstein Museum within the Bern Historical Museum presents a comprehensive, interactive exhibition on his life, work, and legacy. For a deeper experience, Einstein-themed walking tours take you through key sites in Bern’s UNESCO-listed Old Town, providing rich context and stories from the time Einstein called the city home.

    • Zurich

      In Zurich, explore Albert Einstein’s legacy at ETH Zurich, where he studied and later taught—his preserved locker and an app-based tour highlight his time there. A memorial plaque at Unionstrasse 4 marks one of his former homes, and a self-guided walking tour takes you through key city landmarks linked to his life and work.

    • Prague

      In Prague, you can trace Einstein’s legacy by visiting his former residence at Lesnická 7 and the Institute of Theoretical Physics at Viničná 7, where he taught in 1911–1912. Explore his intellectual circle at the House at the Golden Unicornon Old Town Square and enjoy a stop at Café Louvre, one of his favorite hangouts during his time in the city.

    • Berlin

      In Berlin, visit Humboldt University and the former Prussian Academy of Sciences, where Einstein worked and presented his theory of general relativity. A plaque at Ehrenbergstraße 33 marks his only surviving Berlin residence, and Einsteinpark features artistic tributes to his legacy. For deeper insight, tour the Einstein Tower observatory in Potsdam and his former summer home, the Einsteinhaus in Caputh.

    • Princeton

      In Princeton, visit the Institute for Advanced Study, where Einstein worked until his death, and see Fuld Hall, his former office building. His longtime home at 112 Mercer Street is a notable landmark, and the Historical Society of Princeton offers exhibits and walking tours about his life. A dedicated Einstein Museum of Science is also in development.

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    Europe

    Germany

    Germany. The country is synonymous with beer, sausages, incredible hiking, majestic castles, serious people, and wild techno parties. It’s huge, diverse, and utterly amazing.
    There’s a vibrant art and music scene in Berlin; beautiful forests in the west; majestic cathedrals and castles throughout the country; picturesque “Sound of Music” cities in the south; and overlooked historic cities and beaches in the north. The more you visit Germany, the more fall fall in love with it. Whether you are backpacking, traveling on a mid-range budget, or are looking to splash out, traveling around Germany is a wonderful experience. That said, Germany is a huge country so don’t rush your visit. Take your time. Those train rides are longer than you think. Fortunately, Germany is a budget-friendly country so it’s easy to see the sights without breaking the bank.

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    GERMANY OVER THE YEAR

    Germany is a year-round destination. Summer is the most popular time to travel, as the temperatures are hot and everyone enjoys the outdoor weather. People flock to the beer gardens and lakes to swim. This is also the high season when prices are much higher than usual. During this time, average temperatures are around 24 °C and can rise into the 30 °C range. It is advisable to book accommodations and transportation early (especially in July and August), as temperatures warm up quickly in the spring and the season is marked by cherry blossoms. In May, it is warm enough to walk around in T-shirts and shorts. May 1 (Der Erste Mai) is Labor Day in Germany, and the country celebrates it extensively. If you are lucky enough to be here at this time, you can hit the streets with your fellow Germans and enjoy the live music, drinking, dancing and general mayhem. From late September to early October, millions of people from all over the world flock here to enjoy the biggest beer festival in the world. If you want to visit Oktoberfest, you should book your accommodation in advance. Visiting Germany in the fall is a good idea overall, especially in Bavaria when the foliage in the hills and mountains makes for great photos. Winter in Germany can be cold with temperatures as low as -10°C, but Germany is known for its Christmas spirit and the Christmas markets throughout the country are worth visiting, especially in Munich, Berlin and Dresden. Pack warm clothes and let the delicious mulled wine warm you up.

    The Journey Begins Here

    Tours and Stop­overs

    • 52.6525,13.2858

      Berlin Wall

    • 52.5186,13.3761

      Berlin Parliament

    • 52.5163,13.3777

      Brandenburg Gate

    • 52.5137,13.3924

      Gendarmenmarkt

    • 52.5211,13.2946

      Charlottenburg Castle

    • 52.5176,13.3527

      Bellevue Castle

    • 48.1312,11.5494

      Munich Oktoberfest

    • 47.5576,10.7497

      Neuschwanstein Castle

    • 50.9413,6.9582

      Cologne Cathedral

    • 50.9319,6.96399

      Chocolate Museum Cologne

    • 48.1583,11.5033

      Nymphenburg Castle

    • 48.1545,11.5927

      English Garden

    • 48.1371,11.5758

      Marienplatz

    • 48.1386,11.5736

      Frauenkirche Munich

    • 47.4209,10.9853

      Zugspitze

    • 48.5828,8.3245

      Black Forest

    • 54.8611,8.41141

      Sylt

    Useful Information

    BEAUTIFUL ATTRACTIONS

    Berlin

    The exciting and vibrant German capital is the center for everything that's hot in the world of art, fashion, music and design. The city is teeming with stunning architecture, and there are plenty of fun things to do in Berlin. Whether you want to take a cultural break in the numerous museums and art galleries, haggle at the various flea markets, or immerse yourself in the city's trendy restaurant and bar scene, there's no shortage of options. Of course, Berlin is also home to several important historical sites and landmarks. These include the Berlin Wall, the Brandenburg Gate, Checkpoint Charlie and the Jewish Museum.

    Cologne Cathedral

    The epitome of Gothic architecture, the famous Cologne Cathedral dominates the city skyline. The towering UNESCO World Heritage site is also home to the Ottonian Gero Cross, the oldest large sculpture of the crucified Christ north of the Alps. But beyond this epic landmark, the city offers a wealth of great museums, restaurants, bars, and - most importantly - chocolate. If you have a real sweet tooth, you will undoubtedly love the Chocolate Museum Cologne. This 4,000-square-meter chocolate wonderland features nine exhibition areas where you'll learn all about the culture and history of chocolate, which dates back to the Mayans and Aztecs 3,000 years ago.

    Munich

    One of the most cosmopolitan German cities to visit is undoubtedly Munich, the capital of Bavaria. Munich is full of bars, numerous museums, restaurants, churches and of course beer gardens. But what really makes the city famous is the biggest beer festival in the world, Oktoberfest, which takes place here every fall. The 16- to 18-day extravaganza attracts more than six million people from all over the world and features a packed program of live music, rides, games and, of course, Lederhosen in Munich. Given the immense popularity of the festival, early booking is essential as Munich becomes one of the most popular destinations in Germany during this time.

    Fairytails and beautiful Landscapes

    As a child you have probably heard one or the other fairy tale of the Brothers Grimm. Then pay a visit to the magical land that is said to have inspired stories like Hansel and Gretel, Rapunzel and Sleeping Beauty. Bordering France in southwestern Germany, the Black Forest encompasses 11,100 square kilometers of breathtaking natural landscape. Known for its dense evergreen forests and beautiful lakes and waterfalls, it's the ideal place to get back into nature, whether on foot, bike or horseback.

    Neuschwanstein Castle

    Speaking of Sleeping Beauty: Germany is also home to the stunningly beautiful castle that inspired Walt Disney's version of the castle in Disneyland. Nestled in the mountains of the Bavarian Alps, Neuschwanstein Castle is the crown jewel among Europe's fairy-tale castles and one of the most popular destinations in Germany. Commissioned in 1869 by Ludwig II of Bavaria for his pleasure, the breathtaking castle is famous for its elegant towers rising from the treetops.

    On top of the World

    If you want to know what it feels like to stand on top of the world - or at least Germany - a trip to the majestic summit of Zugspitze is just the ticket. Located on the border between Germany and Austria, it is Germany's highest mountain at 2,962 meters. Surrounded by steep valleys, the summit offers views of more than 400 mountains spread across the countries. Of course, it is worth climbing the mountain, and fortunately there are two ways to do it: cable cars or the unusual way, climbing.

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